Theses supervised by Prof. Dr. Hatice Deniz Yükseker
10 theses · İstanbul Aydın University, Koç University
Somaliland-Somalia talks: Historical background, process and prospects
Talks among states or among states and non-state actors are mainly secession talks or peace talks (conflict resolution). The purpose of the secession talks is to determine the future relations of two territories – whether they will stay united or separate into two states. Moreover, Negotiations are a crucial part in the process of recognizing new states. Most of the newly seceded, and then, internationally recognized states achieved this position through dialogue. This thesis examines the dialogue process between the Government of Somaliland and the Federal Government of Somalia that started in London in 2012 and collapsed in Istanbul in 2015. The former Somaliland British Protectorate and the former Italian Somaliland united on 1 July 1960, after gaining their independence from Britain and Italy (Italian Somaliland being under UN Mandated Italian Trusteeship) on 26 June and 1 July 1960, respectively, and thus forming the Somali Republic. After a 30-year long union, the central government of Somalia collapsed in 1991, when armed rebel groups, after a brutal civil war, ousted the late military dictator Mohamed Siad Barre. Consequently, Somaliland announced its secession from Somalia on 18 May 1991, and the two countries were separate ever since. Since the 2012 London Conference on Somalia, six round talks took place in London, Dubai, Ankara, Istanbul (twice) and Djibouti. However, the seventh round (Istanbul III) failed in January 2015 and then, the collapse of the entire dialogue process followed. The factors that led to the collapse of the talks include distant political positions, domestic and external pressure, lack of implementation of the previous agreements and unaddressed grievances and injustices.
İran'da insani kalkınma analizi: Eğitim ve cinsiyet eşitsizliği karşılaştırmalı bir bakış açısından
This thesis attempts to address existing gender parities and gaps in Iran compared to Azerbaijan and Turkey in terms of human development perspective. Human development by enlarging people's freedoms and potentials draws the attention to "ends" and insists on both intrinsic and instrumental values of development. The three main components within human development are: capabilities, free agency and achievements. Health, education and per capita income are the essential indicators of Human Development Index (HDI). Each of which has the same ratio in HDI value estimation. Gender inequality as a global phenomenon, increasingly focuses on women's deprivation of education, health, income and social developments. This thesis discusses Iran's educational developments analytically and compares female-to-male progresses in HDI indicators of Iran with Turkey and Azerbaijan. The main goal of human development and capability approach is equal distribution of capabilities and functionings among people. The exceptional status of education in having both intrinsic and instrumental values multiplies the significance of equal education in a global context. In addition to the direct impact of education on total health and income rates, parity in education has the capacity to empower women and make them qualified for well-paid vocations. Iran from 1990 to 2015 has had a sustainable progress in health, education and per capita income. In case of education, Iran has proceeded remarkably in women's access to schools. Iran has almost succeeded to close the gender gap in education, while gender inequality remains in achievements so far. In comparison, in Turkey and Azerbaijan, raising women's capabilities has led to more achievements in terms of economic resources, labor force participation and political participation. According to human development reports, Turkey in capability distribution has experienced more gender disparity than Iran. By filtering the health indicator, Azerbaijan has the best status in gender parity rather than Turkey and Iran. Turkish women's high life expectancy at birth is the best among the analyzed countries. Unlike Iran, educated women in Azerbaijan and Turkey have lower unemployment rates than Iranian women. That is probably why women in Iran recently have less interest to continue their education in tertiary level and this disappointment has reproduced the gender gap.
Cooperation frameworks between Kazakhstan and Turkey: Contemporary condition and development outlooks
This thesis reviews the development of relations between Turkey and Kazakhstan that has become more rapid recently. Cooperation between the two states at the political, economic, and cultural spheres, each of which is of research interest, has been increasing. In this thesis, I first describe the trajectory of Kazakhstan's economy since the breakup of the Soviet Union. It was important to analyze all the events within the framework of the long-term modernization of the economic system of Kazakhstan, which significantly improved since independence. In addition, the living standard of the population has increased, so the Kazakh economy is ready for a large flow of foreign investment. Then, I focus on economic cooperation between the two countries. I analyzed both countries through HDI, which made it possible to single out specific areas in which Turkey and Kazakhstan develop and cooperate and to say how encouraging this economic cooperation is. After that, I focus on educational and cultural cooperation. Turkey and Kazakhstan are implementing small and large projects concerning schools, universities, and common Turkic heritage. Both states have started working on joint cultural and educational projects, and culture is the main method of regional integration. This thesis concludes that both Kazakhstan and Turkey achieved an increase in the indices of the human development index, and close cooperation of these states and reintegration within the Central Asian region becomes more productive.
The rise of Anglophone nationalism in cameroon: 1960s t0 the 1990s
This thesis discusses the failing nation-building process between the minority Anglophones and majority Francophones in Cameroon as per the aftermath of unification in 1961 which has given birth to the present political, economic and socio-cultural upheavals that characterized the republic. The Anglophones are the people of the northwest and southwest regions of Cameroon who constitute two out of 10 regions in Cameroon. The Anglophones are a "People" of the former British Southern Cameroons who entered into a union based on equality with the Cameroun Republic at Foumban in July 1961with the aim to form a single state. This thesis tries to answer the following questions: What are the grievances of the Anglophones? Are the Anglophones recognized as part of development of Cameroon? Is the rise of Anglophones Nationalism in Cameroon more of a minority issue or an issue of social cohesion? By social cohesive, I mean both people living together as a unified country with different ideologies and systems of governance. The objective of this thesis is to portray the unification of the former British Southern Cameroons and La Republique du Cameroun in a union of equal states at Foumban in 1961 as stated in the "Federation Clause" and how the violation of the "Foumban Clause" has led to the marginalization of the Anglophone in the union. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter gives an overview of what will be discussed in the thesis and its structure. The second chapter defines some terms that the thesis explores such as; nationalism, Anglophones, assimilation and annexation. The third chapter gives a historical analysis of the Cameroons and explains the union between both people at Foumban. The fourth chapter elucidates the non-respect of the "Foumban Clause" based on equality leading to Anglophone problem (s), marginalization and the Rise of Nationalism in the 1990s. The fifth chapter is the conclusion and proposes suggestions for the prevailing crisis. This thesis seeks to call on the attention of concerned individuals and the international community to intervene and redress the situation based on historical truth before it escalates into a full-fledged war. Keywords: Anglophones, Francophones, Cameroon, Marginalization, Nationalism.
A study of Pakistan's political parties' control overstate resources and redistribution in the light ofpanama papers
The aim of the thesis is to analyze and summarize the existing theoretical and secondary work on corruption in Pakistan. Two of the major political parties' (PMLN and PPP) tenures will be discussed as they have ruled the country for about 30 years. Additionally, their control over the resources will be highlighted and how they have paved ways for corruption in every institution. The thesis begins with a brief overview of key definitions and conceptualization of corruption and then turns to a review of the causes of corruption in the light of theoretical framework. This is followed by the major corruption leaks known as 'Panama Papers' which caused a bustle in Pakistani politics as one of the prominent political parties' (PMLN) head and his family was named in those leaks that how they have been over the years money laundering to buy hidden off shore companies. The significant questions that are addressed in this thesis include the understanding of the connection between corruption and party rule, what condition along with the structure would result in corruption in the country and measures that are needed to be undertaken in order to eradicate party corruption first and then corruption on the mega level. The thesis ends with the main corruption events in the history of Pakistan followed by suggestions and recommendations that might help to reduce corruption. The thesis also addresses the important aspect of corruption and improper allocation of country's resources with regards to the most powerful political parties of Pakistan PPP and PMLN. It discusses the most important factors of corruption with regards to the parties' exercise within the parliament, election campaign, and overall control of the party over the resources of the country and its redistribution. Keywords: Corruption, Panama leaks, Pakistan, Pakistan Muslim party, Pakistan people's party, State
2001'den beri Afganistan'da patronaj ve siyasal yolsuzluk
The present thesis about political corruption and patronage in Afghanistan, aims to determine the genesis for the problem of corruption and find out the causes, effects, acts and types of corruption initially. This thesis emphasizes that the main causes of corruption are weak rule of law, lack of transparency and accountability in government expenditures, low wages of public servants, corrupt judiciary, nepotism, the monopoly-power of high-ranking officials that provide opportunities for corruption. The thesis goes on discussing the history of Afghanistan and providing a profound understanding of political corruption and patronage in Afghanistan since 2001. The debates on the effects of corruption on economic growth and public procurement will be discussed in detail. This thesis found that the effects of corruption on economic growth are negative, corruption decreases investment and leads to poor quality of goods and services. This thesis will provide recommendations for eliminating the problem of corruption. Moreover,the failed strategies of government to curb corruption will be discussed for example the attempt of High Office for Oversight (HOO) and the new strategies developed to fight corruption in Afghanistan will be discussed, such as, Afghan National Strategy to Combat Corruption (ANSCC). Corruption is an international problem for both developed and developing countries and both are experiencing various forms and types of corruption. In some countries such as Afghanistan, this problem became a serious obstacle for the development of the country and lead to poverty, unemployment of skillfullabor, insecurity, poor government performances and lack of education opportunities. The research aims to find the reasons behind corruption in Afghanistan and show the devastating effects of corruption on different aspects of life. Looking to the history of Afghanistan the main factors that promoted corruption in Afghanistan were a huge inflow of international capital for the reconstruction of Afghanistan with no or less accountability and three decades of war and brutality lead to erosion of Afghan institutions, furthermore, imposed psychological pressure on the minds of the public. So this situation led to decrease public hope for a prosperous future in the country. Corruption in Afghanistan seriously damaged the trust of the public to government and decreased national and international investment in the country. Corruption perception is different from a country to another country, for example, one person's gift will be another person's bribe. So, even the acts of corruption have no common perception among the scholars. Keywords: Afganistan, political corruption, patronage, transparency, nepotism, accountability, petty corruption, grand corruption, kleptocracy, extortion
A comparative analysis of the role of regional and international organizations in the resolution ofnational conflicts. A case study: Central AfricanRepublic (car) from 2010 to present
This thesis focused on analyzing the comparative roles of international and regional organizations in resolving national conflicts with focus on Central African Republic (CAR) from 2010 to present. It examines the role of UN and AU Resolving Intrastate conflicts in CAR on the one hand and gives an overview on how both organizations can work together in resolving ethnic conflicts. It equally depicts the major roles of international organizations like UN with it resources and how vital it can be in resolving such conflicts not leaving out it shortcomings. We will also see AU as a regional organization with available potentials and how effective it can contribute to resolving conflicts and some of the challenges it faces with reference to the intrastate conflict in CAR. It should be noted that the researcher shall also pay attention to major key actors like states and how they can assist and cooperate with both international regional and sub regional organization in managing conflicts
Avrupa`ya Kuzey Afrika üzerinden Batı Afrikalı göçü
Yüzyıllar önce, Batı Afrikalıların Mağreb'e göçü sadece mal ticareti yoluyla idi. 21. Yüzyılda ise Batı Afrikalıların Mağreb ülkelerine Sahra çölünü aşarak yaptıkları göç ile Türkiye üzerinden Avrupa Birliği'ne (AB) ulaşmak için yaptıkları göçün örüntüleri ve yoğunluğu ticaret amaçlı olmaktan çoktan çıkmış durumda. Bu göçler, Afrika kıtasından olan göçlerin en önemli türü haline gelmiş durumda. Yüksek lisans tezimin amacı, Batı Afrika'dan Kuzey Afrika ve Türkiye üzerinden Avrupa Birliği'ne yönelen göçlerin nedenlerini, yollarını ve sonuçlarını araştırmak olacak. Kullandığım yöntem, kitapların, makalelerin ve dergilerin ikincil analizine dayanıyor. Araştırmalar gösteriyor ki, Batı Afrikalıların yurtdışına göçüne neden olan faktürler arasında siyasi istikrarsızlık, iç çatışmalar, işsizlik ve yoksulluk, Afrika'da sınırların geçirgen olması ve küreselleşme yer alıyor. Gerçekte, çoğu göçmen ve mülteci için, Mağreb'den AB'ye geçiş, bu uzun yolculuk boyunca insan hayatını tehdit eden ve tehlikeli durumlarla doludur. Batı Afrikalıların Avrupa'ya yönelik göç örüntüleri ve yolları (genelde düzensiz göç), Kuzey Afrika'ya ve Avrupa'ya ulaşmak için Sahra Çölünü aşarken ve Akdeniz'i aşarken birçok göçmenlerin ölmesine yol açan tehlikelerle doludur. Avrupa'ya yönelik Batı Afrika göçü, hem göç veren hem de göç alan ülkeler için sosyo-ekonomik açıdan yararlıdır. Bu göç, Avrupa ülkeleri için emek arzını ve verimliliği artırır, Batı Afrika ülkeleri için ise göçmenlerin gönderdiği dövizi artırır ve iyi ihtimalle kalkınmaya da katkıda bulunur. Ancak, göç veren ülkelerde beyin göçüne ve göç alan ülkelerde ise sosyo-ekonomik risklere ve güvensizliğe de yol açar. Anahtar Kelimeler: Batı Afrika göçü, mülteci, beyin göçü ve beyin kazanımı, düzensiz ve transit göç, Göç ve Kalkınma, Göç Yönetimi
Ev algısı: Bayramtepe İstanbul'dakiyle Suriyeli Kürt mülteciler
This study is about the notion of home among the Kurdish refugees who had migrated from Syria to Bayramtepe, Istanbul. The research aims to reveal the moments where the refugees are active agents in their experiences of displacement. Using the refugees' present notions of home as a tool, the study probes into the ways the refugees make sense of their lives in exile and their reactions to the condition of being a refugee. In fact, the present notion of home is evidently not only related to the present home-making process in exile but also to the nostalgic feelings, individual and collective memories about the past homes, and hopes, dreams and desires for the future home imaginaries. Inspired by The focus is on the Kurdish refugees' formation of home at the present time through their use of ethnic identity as well as the dynamics of the locality they live in. With these intentions, the findings of the fieldwork in Bayramtepe neigh-borhood in which the majority of inhabitants are Kurdish people who were forcibly displaced from southeastern Turkey in the 1990s suggest that in the time of forced mi-gration Syrian Kurds' different feelings about home and various home territories is changing. Different notions of home sometimes conflict with each other due mainly to the Kurds' lack of attachment to a fixed territory which is developed through citizen-ship bonds in the world of nation-states.
İstanbul'da yaşayan işçi sınıfı hanelerinin proleterleşme süreçleri ve yeterlililik düzeyinde ürettikleri geçim stratejileri
This study analyzes the proletarianization processes of low-income families who are migrated to İstanbul in different periods and depicts how it is possible for low-income households by only relying heavily on subsistence activities to prosper in İstanbul in the harsh conditions of neoliberalism. This thesis takes the household as a unit of analysis and draws out its conclusions by focusing on the life-stories of both female and male adult members of the households. The existing literature argues that the social transfers provided by the state and extended family members of the household, options for obtaining non-wage incomes and informal housing opportunities are the prominent social and economic mechanisms that ease the adaptation process of families, confers the chances of getting by in the city and also has a substantial impact on the proletarianization process of low-income households. The empirical findings of this thesis allows for testing the relevance of these assumptions for low-income families residing in İstanbul in the last decade. This thesis argues that the migration period has a minor impact in terms experiencing proletarianization. Supplemental non-wage income related activities and informal housing options has depleted in İstanbul for low-income families. The social transfers mostly provided by the state have a partial contribution in the household economy. The primary sources for low-income households to prosper in the city has become wage related activities, capacity to increase level of indebtedness and maintenance of the reproduction of the household unit which is done by female members of the households. Keywords: Household, Migration period, Proletarianization, Neoliberalism, Wage work, Indebtedness, The role of women