Tactics and tools in the hybrid warfare phenomenon of the 21st century

Interstate power struggles today are no longer confined to traditional military and economic domains but are increasingly manifested in new spheres such as cybersecurity, artificial intelligence, space technologies, and environmental policies. This struggle is shaped not only by the geopolitical positions of states but also by their technological capacities and diplomatic influence in the international arena. Throughout history, states have competed with one another to enhance their military and economic power, secure their national interests, and expand their spheres of influence. While this competition has at times led to wars and conflicts, in other instances it has been balanced through diplomatic solutions and cooperation. In the 21st century, however, power struggles have become even more complex as the world order evolves toward multipolarity, driven by technological advancements and competition in emerging fields. Despite globalization reaching unprecedented levels, challenges to the preservation of international peace persist. One of the most significant of these challenges is the emergence of hybrid wars that arise amid interstate rivalries. The aim of this study is to examine the phenomenon of hybrid warfare within the framework of its tactics and instruments, and to reveal the global security challenges it poses through case studies of hybrid wars in the 21st century. Keywords: Hybrid Warfare, Power Struggle, War Tactics