Development process of alphabet

During the ages earlier than the invention of the alphabet, the primitive people in the Paleolithic (Chipped Stone Age) era communicate with each other through works such as cave paintings. However, during these periods with the settled life style, they met the same needs with more practical methods instead of permanent or grand instruments. Over time, they have contributed to occurance of writing concept by pictures (phonography) and gullies applied on stones. The method of the acrofoni, which the alphabet used to originate and transit to Latin writing, has become a more advanced system of phonography. While a matter of discussions on who invented the alphabet, the Phoenicians' important contributions to the alphabet are apparent. The Latin alphabet used in the western world, which adopted a phonetic writing system, came up as the result of the evolution of the Greek alphabet. This period started with cave paintings and gullies, which are the beginning of communication, and has continued until the invention of moving letters by Johannes Gutenberg. The period after the 18th century is a technological innovation era based on the new typographic forms during the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century. Artists who have different opinions and views have developed this art movement together with graphic design and typography. These technical advances have led to the typographic design of the 20th century. The letters from the elements of the typography appear as characteristic signs separating themselves from each other. Over time, designers and typographers have developed a terminology that defines the basic elements that make up the structure of the alphabet and that is well-recognized by all, so that they can better analyze and interpret the visual harmony or complexity of the letters that make up the alphabet. In this study, the typographic characteristics of the letters in the alphabet are dealed, and the perceptibility of the letters, the dimensions and characteristics of the letters, the basic shapes and geometries of the letters, the contrasts in the letters, the anatomical and skeletal structures of the letters, distinguishing the properties and similarities of letters are emphasized visually.