External shading devices that are applied to facades and examining shading devices' application methods through application examples

Due to the fact that an important part of fossil fuel usage on the earth is taking place in climatization of buildings, in order to climatize buildings, buildings are also held responsible from the high carbon dioxide emissions. Decreasing method of the energy consumption of buildings is decreasing their need for energy. The most of the heat transfer in a building occurs through their windows which are the transparent element of structures. As a result of this, they have a big role on thermal performance and energy consumption of buildings. Correctly designed shading devices provide trapping of the sun radiation before contacting to the heat absorbing elements of buildings when they are applied on transparent facades. Thus, heat accumulation and huge illumination differences will not occur, therefore energy savings will occur. This study formed up with literature research and compilation of theoretical data. More accurately, exterior shading devices' design components, materials, application details, performance evaluations, and present applications are stated. With in the path of this study, field study took place in Istanbul with buildings that had been applied shading devices by inspecting their applications. Thematic classifications had been made and they were explained by various schematics. Dissertation contains 6 chapters: In the first chapter; introduction that informs about the subject, the purpose, the scope, and the methodology of the study are stated. Literature studies were also conducted in the first chapter. In the literature study, the general approaches related to the shading devices are explained in the studies by examining the master and doctoral dissertations, research reports, conference notices and articles. The second chapter contains the exterior shading devices' description and categorization according to shading devices' form differences. Shading elements are classified as natural shading elements and artificial shading elements. Natural shading elements; as vegetation and topographic features; artificial shading elements are located outside the building, on the surface of the building, and inside the building The exterior shading devices used on the facade are classified according to their shape. External shading devices can be in fixed or moving forms. Fixed shading devices include horizontal, vertical, mixed and parallel plate shapes. Moving shading devices include horizontal, vertical, marquise, blind, and kinetic forms. Exterior shading devices' production, transportation, installation processes are detailed in the third chapter as well as the inspections of differences of the materials and application details. The application processes of external shading devices follow the sequence of design, production, storage, transportation and installation. The system components that make up the shading devices are explained through the horizontal shading device made of aluminum material. Connections of shading devices include the connection of the components and the connection of the devices to the building. In the same section, the application differences according to the materials of the external shading devices used in the facade are also examined. Accordingly, aluminum, wood, glass, terracotta, concrete, fiber cement, metal nets, photovoltaic panels, fabric and plastic materials can be produced for external shading devices. In the fourth chapter, performance characteristics that are affecting the estimated performance criteria of exterior shading devices are examined. These performance characteristics should not be ignored before making the choice for the most suitable material and they can be sorted briefly as in the following; • sun effect control performance (heating and cooling energy, lighting, sun radiation); • mechanical performance (static and dynamic loads, mechanical wear); • chemical performance; physical performance (manufacturability and applicability); • fire performance; • meteorological performance (precipitation, temperature, sun radiation, air flow and wind); • design (visual) performance (ventilation, noice, thermal effects, visual comfort, esthetics); • maintainability performance (recycling factor, application cost, renovation and cleaning). The fifth chapter contains the determination application types of 35 different exterior shading devices that are applied to 30 specific buildings that have various utilization purposes (hotels, airports, education buildings, office buildings and residential buildings) in Istanbul. Field study part involves determining the specimens, inspection of the specimens, information gathering, and evaluation of the technologic and building physics performances. Inspected examples are evaluated according to their shading devices' shapes, functions, and material types. Tables contain the following information; the name of the buildings, the location, the client / employer, the architect, the applying company, visual materials, the year of completion, the function, the facade type, the direction of the shading devices, the marking of the facades found on the site plan, the visualization of the shading devices, movement in classification, form in classification, visualization in form classification, material, connection of shading devices. to building, shading devices system components images, names of shading devices system components The performance criteria were evaluated with numbers 1-5 (5: Very good, 4: Good, 3: Moderate, 2: Poor, 1: Unacceptable). The evaluation is based on 100 points. Le Meridien (6) was the highest with 86 points in total evaluation of performance criteria; Zorlu Levent Office (20) was found to have the lowest score with 62 points. Overall evaluation of the exterior shading devices are done in the sixth chapter, in the light of the information and the data that are obtained in this study. Various critics, conclusion and recommendations are stated for the speciment buildings. According to the results of numerical evaluations in the examined samples following statements can be made: • Fixed shading devices are used more often. • The use number of horizontal shading devices is greater. • Shading devices can be used without any function in the application. • Shading devices in different forms are most commonly found in office buildings. • •Shading devices made of wood is used more often in residential buildings and for the rest of the building types, aluminum material is used more than other materials. • Shading devices are mostly applied to buildings that have curtain wall type facades.