Ecological printing applications on leather and determination of fastness values

Industrialization, which has developed to meet the needs of the increasing population over time, has brought waste problems and environmental pollution. The ready-made clothing industry, which has developed with industrialization, threatens human health with the synthetic dyes and fabrics used, while harming nature and the environment with industrial wastes. For this reason, consumers tend towards natural products. The clothing industry is also affected by the increase in this trend. Designers have started to prefer natural dyeing and printing techniques, which are more sensitive to the environment and people. Natural dyeing is a type of dyeing made with materials obtained from animals and plants. Ecological printing is a modern interpretation of natural dyeing, which has a deep-rooted history in our country. Ecological printing is applied to fabrics obtained from natural fibers by using parts of some plants such as leaves and flowers, as well as ceramic surfaces and paper. Leather is a new material used in ecological printing works. In addition, the leather industry maintains an environmentally friendly activity by processing the raw leather obtained from the food industry and contributes to economic sustainability. In the studies, calf and sheep skins, which are vegetable tanned vegetal skins, were used. In ecological printing with leather, the effects of four different mordants on printing and leather were evaluated. In addition to eucalyptus and rose leaves as plants, purple carrot and onion peel were used due to seasonal reasons and organic household waste. Ecological printing applications and fastness results made with different leather mordants were evaluated.