From nature paradigm to political paradigm: Deep and social ecology

Paradigmatic history of the human-nature relation is the paradigmatic history of nature-politics relation with the context of human-human relation. Deep ecology and social ecology approaches, that question the history of human-nature relation and meaning of nature, refuse the subject-object, master-slave and benefit-cost relation between human and nature while defending that this relation has to change with respect to political and social structure. Deep ecology thought that is offered by Arne Naess discusses this change with respect to individual life. On the other hand social ecology that is offered by Murray Bookchin discusses it with respect to social systematics. These two approaches criticize fundamentally mechanic world idea, capitalist economic relations of modernity and consumption society. Based on this criticism they present an alternative ecological politics in which nature is a subject.