Xenophobia in the Republic of South Africa and its regional implications

The presence of various circumstances has contributed to the increased mobility of migration, becoming an influential factor in the emergence of xenophobia, which poses a threat to international security. Xenophobia is understood as the fear or aversion towards foreigners. It is important to note that the target of xenophobia is not limited solely to individuals who can be clearly distinguished on the basis of nationality; rather, it encompasses anyone perceived as "other" based on factors such as race, culture, ethnic origin, language, or other characteristics. The key variable lies in the existence of a distinguishing feature that sets individuals apart from the community they are trying to integrate into. Evidence of xenophobia can be traced back to the 1880s in the United States and Austria. Various reasons, ranging from economic factors such as poverty and unemployment, which can intensify the sense of deprivation within society, to the perception that foreigners pose a threat to the identity of the host community, can lead to the emergence of xenophobic behaviors. With South Africa gaining independence from the apartheid system, xenophobia emerged as a threat to the safety of migrants residing in the country. This thesis aims to examine and elucidate the attitudes and policies towards xenophobia in selected countries, namely Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. The methods employed in the preparation of this thesis primarily involve document analysis and discourse analysis, supported by historical and comparative methodologies. Mozambique, Malawi, and Zimbabwe have sought solutions to this issue, primarily focusing on providing emergency assistance when xenophobic violence occurs. These states have adopted a softer approach to address the xenophobia problem, which, in turn, complicates effective resolution. On the other hand, African and international organizations such as the Southern African Development Community, the African Union, the International Organization for Migration, and the United Nations have established forums to discuss xenophobia with the aim of producing solutions and promoting peaceful coexistence between citizens and foreigners in the Republic of South Africa.