Contemporary works on temporal logic

Temporal logic is a field in which the propositions with reference to time and the relations between these propositions are defined. In this field, various systems are developed to check the validity and consistency of the inferences containing the propositions in topic. In these developed systems, some assumptions regarding the definition of time are used explicitly or implicitly. With this study, it is aimed to examine these assumptions in the axis of the main factors affecting the emergence of the temporal logic. For this purpose, firstly, the attitudes of different philosophers regarding the definition of the concept of time are conveyed. Afterwards, the subjects of "structure of future time", "free will", "possible world", "determinism", "portrayal of time", "timeless proposition" and "timeless logic", which are cited as sources for contemporary temporal logics, are examined. As a result of this examination, which constitutes the second part of the text, the possibility of timeless proposition and timeless logic was questioned. In the third part of the text, different temporal logics has been placed. In this chapter, in addition to the temporal logics developed by Prior, Reichenbach's proposal for a language-based temporal logic, the tackling of time as a relation, the possibility of checking temporal logics through modal logic and fuzzy logic are discussed. In the last part of the text, answers are sought to the questions of why contemporary temporal logics cannot solve the problems that they promised to solve when they emerge, and how these problems can be solved based on an understandİng. In this section, the necessity of separating the concepts of "time" and "duration" from each other and re-introducing them to logic is given. Contemporary temporal logics only deal with the position of propositions and inferences in terms of "duration". Such an approach reveals the connection of propositions and inferences with "duration" and not "time". Since duration is an element that can be defined mechanically or mathematically through relations in a purely physical universe, it is not possible to ground a clear concept such as "free will" in such a universe. This problem has been examined in one aspect under the title of "zaman tasvirleri" and a solution proposal has been developed in the section "Zaman ve Süre Mantıklarının Ayrılması Üzerine". In the last section, it is also emphasized that with the proposed solution, the actual world can be interpreted as "impossible" in a sense, and what kind of answers can be given in this case.