Ham ve işlenmiş Lupinus albus L.'nin tekrarlayan doz toksisitesinin incelenmesi

Aim: The aim of this research is to do a comprehensive toxicological assessment of Lupinus albus L. (lupine) products, to prove their safety profile. Lupine is a plant species known for its significant variability in quinolizidine alkaloid (QA) composition, which can be varied not only among different genetic forms within the same species but also in response to various environmental factors such as soil conditions and drought. The potential toxic effects of lupine seeds on vital organs, particularly the liver and kidneys were studied, as well as their impact on oxidative stress markers in a Sprague Dawley rat model. Both debittered and crude lupine seeds were administered at different dosage levels over a 28-day period. The evaluation of organ damage, oxidative stress parameters, and other relevant factors were carried out to provide a comprehensive understanding of lupine toxicity and its implications for food and animal provender safety. Materials & Methods: The Sprague Dawley rat model was used in this study. Rats were divided into 4 groups as low dose (665 mg/kg bw/d) processed (debittered) and crude (unbittered) lupine seeds suspension and high dose (2000 mg/kg bw/d) processed (debittered) and crude (unbittered) lupine seeds suspension with 5 males and 5 females in each group. lupine seeds administered by oral gavage to each group for 28 days. Extensive blood biochemistry analyses were conducted, organ tissues were collected and histopathological examination conducted. Additionally, animal weight gain was monitored, and hemogram tests were conducted to assess overall well-being. Various statistical tests, including ANOVA, Welch ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Bonferroni corrections applied to analyze the data. Results: Distinct patterns of organ damage in both the liver and kidneys are revealed in the study across different experimental groups. Notably, the consumption of crude lupine seeds suspension induced necrosis, infiltration and congestion in these organs, irrespective of dosage or gender. In contrast, processed lupine seeds suspension exhibit no observable damage to the liver and kidneys. Trends in oxidative stress markers highlighted, suggesting a potential reduction in oxidative stress with higher doses of processed lupine. Additionally, a gender-specific response to lupine consumption observed in white blood cell count. These findings provide valuable insights into lupine toxicity and its potential applications in food and animal provender safety. Conclusion: The consumption of crude (non-debittered) lupine seeds suspension led to necrosis and congestion in both the liver and kidneys, regardless of gender, at both low and high doses. The primary variation in the severity of damage was observed in the infiltration in both organs, with infiltration noted at higher doses. However, the consumption of processed (debittered) lupine seeds suspension at both low and high doses did not negatively impact the normal functioning of the liver and kidneys, irrespective of gender. There was a statistically significant difference in body weight suggest that lupine consumption may affect the growth and development of animals. Furthermore, our finding suggests that lupine consumption may have differential effects on ALT levels and may influence WBC count differently in males and females. Additionally, our observation suggests that lupine may have a dose-dependent effect on oxidative stress markers. On the other hand, negative results were prevented by the traditional debittering methods when correctly applied. These findings provide valuable insights into lupine toxicity and the potential benefits of debittering in reducing adverse effects on vital organs. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of lupine toxicity and its safe use. Key Words: "Lupinus albus L.", "Lupine toxicity", "Quinolizidine alkaloids", "Rat model", "Subacute toxicity", "Organ damage", "Oxidative stress markers", "Food safety"