The era of the second Constitutional period: Modernization in the Ottoman army (1908-1918)

Since the first Turkish states, the army-nation understanding maintains its validity as an ancient culture and lifestyle. The military structure that dominates all Turkish states established throughout history and today was built on the decimal system implemented by Mete in 209 BC. The fact that the Turkish nation is ready for war in a disciplined manner at all times and under all conditions has caused the Army-nation understanding to be assimilated and become a culture. Even today, this understanding still maintains its existence as a corporate culture in the Armed Forces and as a lifestyle among the public. The army organization has been the most prominent state institution in all established Turkish states. We see that many Turkish States disappeared from the stage of history as a result of the weakening of the army and its inability to renew itself in accordance with the conditions of the period. The balance of power in the world began to change, especially with the use of highly destructive weapons in European states, thanks to the technology that developed with the Industrial Revolution. Undoubtedly, we see the Ottoman Empire as one of the states most affected by this, due to its inability to keep up with the technological developments of the period. XVIII. The Ottoman Empire could not keep up with the developments in European armies since the 19th century and began to receive help from European military experts in the army and navy in order to adapt to these developments. These experts, "II. It was requested from France, with whom diplomatic relations were at a high level except for the Mahmud Period. II. When it came to the reign of Abdulhamid II, England and France intervened in the internal affairs of the Ottoman Empire due to the changing European and world politics, considering the conditions of the time. It pushed Abdulhamid to find a new ally. Germany, which started to have a say in European politics after completing its political unity, was in such a period as World War II. It was a good opportunity for Abdulhamid. II. The Turkish-German rapprochement that started during the reign of Abdulhamid continued after that, and these close relations caused the Ottoman Empire to enter the war with Germany in the First World War. II. After the declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy, the seven armies that formed the backbone of the land army and two independent divisions were composed of the youngest and most reliable soldiers of the army, called nizamiye. When independent divisions and redifs were added, the organizational staff and size of the army were completed.II. After the Constitutional Monarchy period, these changes and modernization activities in the army continued increasingly and serious steps were taken to reform the armed forces. However, a reform committee was brought from Germany to take more urgent and important measures for the Ottoman army, which was defeated in the Tripoli and Balkan wars. The real change took place when Enver Pasha was the Minister of War