Pragmatic syntax in Arabic within the frame of functional grammar and its foundations in Al-Jurjānī

In this study, it is aimed to determine the foundations of the pragmatic functions determined by the Functional Grammar (FG) theory in the context of structure-function relationship, in one of the traditional Arabic linguists al-Jurjānī. In the research, a detailed content analysis was conducted to determine the data obtained from the functional approach and the FG theory in al-Jurjānī and al-Jurjānī's approach to language analysis was compared with this theory. The results obtained show that al-Jurjānī adopted a purely functional and pragmatic approach in syntax analysis. However, this can be said based on al-Jurjānī's work named Dalāʾīl al-Iʿjāz. Because, in some of his works other than Dalāʾīl, al-Jurjānī mostly adopted a structural approach due to pedagogical reasons. Considering that language is a system that comes into being through the unity of structure and function, it has been emphasized that grammatical theories should take into account both structural and functional elements. Based on this, the study revealed that the FG theory determines five pragmatic functions in the context of structure-function relationship. In the first part of our study, the functional approach in linguistics and the theory of FG were discussed. Then, in the second part, the relationship between pragmatics and syntax and the explanation of pragmatic functions, which are a expressions of this relationship, in the Arabic language were included. Based on the data obtained in the first two chapters, it is revealed in the third chapter that al-Jurjānī adopted a functional and pragmatic approach in syntactic analysis. In particular, the foundations of the five pragmatic functions determined by the FG theory have been determined through a detailed analysis of al-Jurjānī's works, especially his work Dalāʾīl al-Iʿjāz. This research contributes to our better understanding of the syntax-pragmatics relationship of the Arabic language by relating al-Jurjānī's functional and pragmatic approach to modern theories. Finally, it was concluded that the theory of FG needed to be further developed in explaining the flexible structure of natural language. Although the theory of FG tries to provide a functional explanation of a grammatical model of natural language, it sometimes uses formal formulations that remain abstract in explaining natural language. Due to the limitations of our study, the formulas, assignment rules and tests determined by the FG theory on how pragmatic functions are assigned to elements in syntax were not applied. In further studies, by conducting tests on the assignment of pragmatic functions, the conformity of these functions in natural language can be revealed structurally.