Research of the use of electrical vehicles in Istanbul highway transport

Istanbul, which has become increasingly crowded and inexcusable every day, and the Istanbul traffic problems that are connected to it, maintain its freshness today. Especially the migrations and horizontal transits from eastern Turkey to Istanbul cause the metropolitan city to struggle with problems in almost every area. One of these problems - and perhaps most important - is the problems experienced in the transportation sector. There are millions of vehicles in the city that hosts millions, and millions of individuals and mass transportation problems associated with them. Istanbul ,which contains all kinds of transportation (land, sea, air, rail systems), is the city that suffers the most from this diversity which it has as its natural end result. There are currently 14.8 million people living in 1.539 km2 of the city. When this situation is taken into consideration, Istanbul, which has entered the overcrowded city class, has to seek a solution to its own problems. Nowadays, the main aim of the solution is to make the roads easier to reach and in order to prevent the pollution of the environment, the electric vehicles are adapted to the transportation of the roads. With the development of the technology, the demand for speed and comfort has increased. So all the work done in parallel to these two factors is progressing. Istanbul, where 4 million vehicles are located according to TUİK data, roads, junctions, bridges and viaducts jointly or individually made by the municipalities and municipalities are not enough for Istanbul traffic. The fact that the number of immigrations is so great and that having a car in today's conditions is now regarded as a necessity very much, explains why the number of vehicles in Istanbul traffic is so high. Environmental problems arise due to the presence of so many vehicles in the traffic. Air pollution and noise pollution are the leading ones. Electric vehicles need to be more involved in road transport in order to reduce these two environmental problems to the minimum and perhaps even to end work. For this, it is necessary to follow and adapt to developing and changing technology. In this study, air pollution originating from transportation is mentioned. The development of electric vehicles and the advantages and disadvantages of electric vehicles have been researched.In the future, it has been presented how vehicle-based emissions change with transition to the electric vehicle system. In addition, it has been identified our energy sources and examined the emissions from electricity generation. Proposals on the transition to the electric vehicle system are presented. This study addresses air pollution caused by transportation. Carbondioxide (CO), Nitrousoxides (NOx), Hydrocarbons (HC), Suplhuroxides (SOx), Particulate Matters (PM) and Greenhouse Gases are defined and the harmful effects of these gases are explained. The works that are being done in order to decrease the emission of transportation-related gases which cause environmental pollution are described. The use of Electric Vehicles (EV) which use electric engines instead of internal combustion engines are in order, which is expected to have a significant contribution to reduction of environmentally harmful gases caused by transportation. For this reason, the factors related with electric vehicles which have a positive impact on environmental problems, such as being zero-emission and running silently, were addressed. The electric vehicles require less maintenance and use fewer mechanical parts in comparison with vehicles that utilize internal combustion engines. The plusses and minuses of electric vehicles are explained. The economic advantages, the lower maintenance costs, the contribution to reducing fuel costs and the environmental advantages are the biggest plusses. The cost of purchase, the insufficient range and the low availability of charging stations are the weak aspects of the electric vehicle. There are scenarios, where it is assumed that the public transportation vehicles will switch to electric vehicle systems in the future. In these scenarios, first it is postulated that 30% of the commercial taxis will switch to electric vehicles. In the second scenario, it is postulated that 70% of commercial taxis and 30% of busses will switch to electric cars. In the third scenario it is postulated that 100% of the commercial taxis, 70% of busses and 30% of minibuses will switch to electric vehicles. Through a total of six different scenarios, it is thought that all of the public transportation vehicles will be electric vehicles. First of all, the emissions from public transportation vehicles in the current situation are defined. In each scenario the decreasing emission amounts are presented. In the case that all of the public transportation vehicles are electric-powered, the decrease in emissions is 9.174 tons for CO, 1.945 tons for HC, 13.471 tons for NOx, 98 tons for PM and 1.193.527 tons for CO2. How these emissions decrease in different scenarios are also shown in graphics. Also, our energy needs will increase through the use of electric cars. The current state of electric car technology was taken into account in order to determine the increasing energy needs. According to this, we will need an additional 2.023 gwh of energy. Our non-renewable (fossil, nuclear) energy sources and renewable (hydraulic, solar, wind, geothermal) energy sources which can be used to meet this additional amount of energy are specified. Our utilization ratios of each of the energy sources are shown. Our electricity production relies mostly on fossil fuels. This is followed by hydraulic energy. The share of solar, wind and geothermal energy is 7% according to the 2015 data. The amount of harmful emissions per unit energy production is high because most of the electricity production is carried out based on fossil fuels. Our current energy production level and the emissions per kwh are indicated separately for each harmful gas. According to this 421 g/kwh of CO2, 1,97 g/kwh of CO and 4,4 g/kwh of NOx emissions are produced at the energy source during the electric power production. After the source emissions are determined, the pollution that will be caused at the source by the energy increase due to public transportation vehicles is calculated. The public transportation vehicles switching to electricity has resulted in a 2.023 gwh energy need and a certain amount of harmful gas emissions are produced at the source in order to produce this energy. The net decrease in emissions is determined by subtracting the emission produced at the source from the decrease in emissions due to switching to the electric system. According to this, the amount of CO emissions decreased 5.182 tons in total and dropped 56%. NOx amount decreased 4.153 tons and dropped 33%. CO2 amount decreased 341.412 tons and dropped 28%. How these emissions decrease in different scenarios are also shown in graphs. In a system where private vehicles are not expected to switch to electric vehicles it is not possible to exactly say that the transportation related emissions will decrease. For this reason, in addition to public transportation vehicles, the scenario where private vehicles become electric-powered is also examined. The emissions resulting from private vehicles is on average 6 times more than the emissions from public transportation vehicles, due to the private vehicles being higher in number. Due to the number of private vehicles being higher, our energy need will also be higher with the use of electric vehicles. According to this we will need 8.100 gwh energy in total. The net decrease in emissions is determined by subtracting the emission produced at the source from the decrease in emissions due to switching from the private vehicles to the electric system. In conclusion, switching to the electric vehicle system will enable reductions in emissions. The electric vehicles should be made more attractive in order for the people to tend towards electric vehicles. Ideas have been presented regarding the things that must be done with respect to the state, with respect to the transportation systems, with respect to the vehicle manufacturers and with respect to the users of the system, in order to make the system more attractive.