Evalution of Karatay Han figured decoration program in terms of origin meaning and symbolism

Caravanserais are large-scale structures that have been constructed along extensive road networks since the earliest periods of history. These structures primarily functioned to provide accommodation and security for travellers. During the Seljuk period, these structures evolved into a predominant economic institution, with numerous caravanserais being constructed throughout Anatolia. These monumental edifices, characterised by their imposing facades and majestic crown gates, exerted a profound influence on the medieval world, continuing to do so for centuries. These structures serve as a testament to the pinnacle of civilisation's design ingenuity, masterfully blending advanced engineering, exquisite craftsmanship, and a discernible artistic flair.With their magnificent facades and crown gates, these buildings made a powerful impression on the medieval world and continued to do so for centuries to come. They reflect the widest range of civilization's design power, combined with excellent craftsmanship and a distinctive artistic quality. Two inscriptions have been identified on the two portals of Karatay Han. The closed section of the portal was constructed during the reign of Sultan Alaeddin Keykubat I (1220-1237), while the courtyard section was built in 1240 during the reign of Sultan Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev II. It is notable that the name of Celaleddin Karatay does not feature in the inscriptions. Despite the absence of any reference to him in the inscriptions, it is evident that Celaleddin Karatay was a slave of Greek origin who rose to become a significant statesman during the reign of Alaeddin Keykubat. This transformation can be attributed to his exceptional talent and moral integrity. Evidence exists in the form of a foundation dated 1247 which clearly states that the building was constructed by Celaleddin Karatay. The foundation of Karatay Han provides a significant source of information regarding the management and functionality of other Seljuk hans. The primary distinguishing characteristic of the edifice, which bears a striking resemblance to Aksaray Sultan Han in its layout, is its ornamentation program. The stone decoration of the Karatay Han provides a rich variety of ornamentation. These ornaments are dispersed throughout various sections of the building. Notable examples include the courtyard portal, gargoyles, buttresses, fountain iwan, masjid, hammam, and closed section portal. The decorative elements manifest themselves in three distinct forms: geometric, floral, and figurative. The geometrical ornaments in the building reflect the transition characteristics of the Anatolian Seljuks to the 2nd half of the 13th century. The most prevalent motifs include star clusters and crossings. In comparison, floral ornamentation is utilised less frequently. This phenomenon is indicative of the prevailing characteristics of the era. The figurative ornaments, in particular, possess distinctive features that set this building apart from other examples. A categorization of the figural ornaments can be proposed, distinguishing between two groups. The first group consists of clearly depicted large-sized figures, as can be seen in the gargoyles. The second group consists of smaller figures that are more subtle in their depiction and are integrated into geometric and floral ornaments. The study employs the concepts of origin, meaning and symbolism to evaluate the decoration programme of Karatay Han. The figural ornamentation, which to a great extent today remains shrouded in mystery, constitutes the focal point of the study.