Structural analysis and design of wharf type marine structures

Compared to the continental climate regions; the Coastal Regions are the most populated regions with dynamic environmental effects, natural balance and the increasing population. In the Lengths of Coastal Areas name report issued by the World Resources Institute (WRI) in April 2012; it has been identified that the continental climate regions; which are the living zones of the World population; are nearly 150.000.000 km² and approximately 1.700.000 km² of this area are coastal regions. Meanwhile; in the reports, which were prepared by the United Nations; it is stated that nearly 40% of the World population is concentrated in coastal regions. In the population density forecast studies of several independent institutions and organizations for the upcoming 25 years; it is estimated that especially in 2025; the number of people residing in coastal areas are expected to constitute 75% of the World's population. Our country; which has coastal areas that constiture 30% of the terrestial lands; 50% of the resident population is concentrated on coastal areas. Coastal zones contain rich resources to produce goods and services and most of them are for commercial and industrial activities. The source of wealth of majority of the countries with high economic data is dependent on coastlands. The economies of many Nations are based on the export and import of merchandise and for the route of travellers in the tourism industry. A relevant portion of this trade takes place and relies on the efficiency of seaports, many of which are situated in seismic zones. Ports from worldwide countries namely Italy, Greece, Turkey, USA, China, Japan and New Zealand were studied for their seismic hazard in relation to their economical importance. Considering the seismic zone of our country, where there are geological and geophysical active fault lines, and its geographical location; the standards and specifications, which are required to be able to successfully conduct transportation and infrastructure projects, need to be reviewed at national level for sea, air, road and railway transportation infrastructure projects. Environmental factors significantly affect the structural response of coastal structures. Therefore, it is necessary to account for environmental factors that could alter structural response while designing and analyzing piers The dynamic forces effecting marine structures, are slightly different than forces effecting the structures on land. While earthquakes and wind forces (in some cases), effecting structures on land and on sea, have dynamic influence; marine structures are also effected by wave and wind forces which are also dynamic forces. Pile-supported wharves subjected to moderate to low levels of shaking have generally performed well during past earthquakes. However, cases of poor performance have been noted and were generally attributed to the poor performance of adjacent soils (soft clays and/or liquefiable sands), resulting in permanent lateral embankment deformations. Given that the analysis of pile-supported wharves involves complex soil-structure-interaction, and that permanent lateral deformations control the seismic behavior, it is a necessity that the seismic performance of pile-supported wharves be clearly understood during design. In addition, the complex behavior necessitates the use of validated analysis methods. The use of non-validated analysis methods may provide an unreasonable level of confidence during the design process. Recently, the concept of performance based design has become popular for many types of structures, including port facilities under seismic loading. For the case of pilesupported wharves, the level of performance is generally estimated using the displacement capacity of the structure. Therefore, understanding soil-pile interaction is one of the most critical factors for estimating performance. One of the biggest challenges on the displacement estimation is defining the soil parameters. However, only limited information is available in the literature on the behavior of laterally loaded piles in the large-diameter rockfill typically used in port dike construction, where the particle size approaches the pile diameter. Due to the size and complexity of most marine and offshore structures, as well as the environment in which they are deployed and installed, the actual construction requires very sophisticated planning, engineering, management, and verification. These are embodied under the overall term "constructibility." A majority of concrete structures in marine environment shows signs of degradation due to the corrosion of the reinforcement in the presence of chlorides. In some cases, the degradation is visible within a few years of construction completion. Despite the fact that the marine environment is particularly sever, other factors affect the premature degradation due to corrosion, such as: poor construction quality as a result of poor workmanship; inadequate standards based on prescriptive measures; and poor design as a result of insufficient information with regards to the parameters that influence the degradation process. Marine structures are exposed to very aggressive substances since sea water consists mainly of chlorides and sulphates. Chlorides affect durability by initiating corrosion of the reinforcement steel and sulphates affect durability by deteriorating the concrete itself. This thesis representing the types of pile-supported dock structure as open-sided marine structures, structural durability, structural systems, analysis and design stages in accordance with the national and international standards, publications and specifications are evaluated. It was prepared as a thesis which tackles relevant issues in separate sections. In the first part of the study, national and international specifications which are used as a reference during the aim of the thesis and studies and literature list is presented. In the second part of the study, a brief history of coastal structures, types of business classes according to their function and operation of the different business functions and environmental loads are investigated. In the third part of the study, types of Pile berthing construction were analyzed. In the fourth part of this study, structural systems for coastal structures have been mentioned for constituent elements as structural and non-structural. In the fifth chapter, information is given about basic design principles of the types of coastal structures. In the sixth part, information on seismic design principles of the types of coastal structures are given. In the seventh chapter, it also mentioned as structural modelling. In the eighth chapter of the study, it is mentioned as basic durability of coastal structures. In the ninth part of the study, the structural performance of an existing business case to increase the load berthing pier linear static and dynamic non-linear analysis methods were examined by performance and structural strength. On the tenth chapter the result of the thesis and evaluation are given.