Development of Latin calligraphy art after the invention of the printing press

The pictographs found in caves dating back thousands of years are the starting points of art and writing. The first signs of writing consisted of different symbols and shapes which were used for the purposes of magic and as talismans; resources that ancient people believed helped them resist the wild forces of nature. Over the millennia, pictographs have evolved into standardised, grammatically complex systems of writing. The first known examples of writing systems are the Sumerian cuneiform texts and the Egyptian Hieroglyphs both of which appeared around 3000 BC. The Phoenicians invented the alphabet. Consequently, written communication became easier due to the transition of pictographs to phonograms (symbols representing the vocal sounds). The Greeks created their own writing systems including alphabets that were heavily influenced by, the Phoenician phonetic signs. These phonetic signs developed by the Greeks, used by the Romans, formed the basis of the Latin alphabet used today. The texts have reached us today through clay tablets, engravings on wood and stones, as well as the use of materials such as papyrus and parchment. This knowledge regarding past civilizations has been acquired from the inscriptions and epitaphs which have been preserved up until modern times. The use of the Latin Alphabet has been one of the foundations of the development of European society and subsequently the western world more broadly. This writing system has evolved so as to include various new characters and grammatical components; its effects have surpassed geographical and cultural borders. Looking at the historical development of western calligraphy, it is known that writing is an element used for purely functional purposes in the ancient Greek and post-Medieval tradition. In the following periods; It can be seen that the needs and technical developments, the materials used gave shape to the form of the writing and continue to develop by transforming with cultural, social, and economic factors. History begins with the writing; it is observed that aesthetics always accompany the writing while history is being written on documents. It also accompanied the art of typography after the invention of the printery. During the development of civilization, even though writing and art are handled as different and separate elements, they sometimes appear intertwined and used instead of each other. It has always been observed throughout history that the writings, which emerged with the transformation of pictorial signs into symbols that do not have semantic meaning, go beyond writing and seek a place for themselves on an artistic ground. The writing system created by the letters we use today has made great progress, taking examples from different cultures, geographies, and civilizations. How the art of writing came to today's modern world from the past years, how it developed, and the ways of education and teaching techniques of basic writing art were investigated. Within the scope of this thesis; In 1450, the Invention of the Printing House and its post-developments, the impact of printing machines on calligraphy manuscripts, the Latin script and designs, the development stages of the art of calligraphy, the writing styles of the alphabets and the features of the handwriting and the historical period writing artists has been explained. They were evaluated in sections and titled separately. Keywords: Latin Calligraphy Art, Calligraphy Art, Fine Writing, Basic Writing Techniques, Historical Alphabet Processes, Writing Tools and Materials, Script Writing Techniques, Gothic Writing