منهج القرآن الكريم في المرحلة المكية في عرض قضايا الاعتقاد

This research revolves around the verses of the creed in the Meccan phase. To clarify the Qur'an's approach, to consolidate the principles of creed and its foundations , and the essence of Islam was revealed to the believers in Meccan phase that this universe has one Allah who has no partner, and He is worthy of worship, Tawheed and that Muhammad -peace be upon him- came to call people to this oneness, to perfect morals; In order that the justice of Islam could be achieved, the construction of the earth continues and the one who meditates on the Book of Allah - Ta'ala - especially in the Meccan phase, becomes clear to him at first sight that there are multiple Qur'anic approaches to prove monotheism. Allah Ta'ala addressed every people with what suits their backgrounds and intellects. The speech was directed to influence their emotions, conscience, and minds. That is why we note the Qur'anic verses were revealed at that phase focused on urging people to think about the universe, themselves and those around them, and all were mentioned to them, The Holy Qur'an has many examples with tangible things that the simple illiterate human mind in the Arabian desert can understand. And the Messenger of Allah -peace be upon him- was the best model for applying and employing the divine approach by presenting that approach. The Companions" Sahaba" responded and interacted with this unique approach, and they were the best model after him to apply that practical and realistic approach in human life; because belief has a great purpose in the life of a Muslim. For this reason, many scholars consider that the Meccan phase is what was revealed from the Holy Qur'an before the Hijrah, whether it was in Mecca or outside it. The revelation of the Noble Qur'an at that phase dealt with the condition of the people who lived in that temporal and spatial period, which represents a large part of the phases of da'wah, to treat souls, guide them to the truth, convince them towards the Islamic principles and values which represented in the true belief. Hence, the characteristics of the verses at the phase were compatible. With the characteristics of the Meccan society emanating from this reality, it calls them to monotheism, and encourages them to reject polytheism and idols. Before the Messenger of Allah -peace be upon him- , the Arabs were on the religion of Abraham and Ismail - may prayers and peace be upon them - although Abraham was born in Babylon, but he did not settle there, as he migrated and settled in Mecca with his wife Hajar and his son Ismail, and they built the foundations of the Kaaba, the Sacred House of Allah by the command of Allah - Subhanahu-; For this reason, the Arabs in the Arabian Peninsula from the beginning believed in the call to monotheism who Abraham and other prophets called - peace be upon them - and after a while the Arabs switched from monotheism to paganism. They replaced the worship of idols with the religion of their forefathers, which is monotheism, and they became what the nations before them were. In terms of their association with Allah and their worship of idols, this change began at the hands of "Amr bin Lehi" where idols and idolatry were set up and worshiped; therefore, the doctrinal life of the Arabs before the advent of the light of Islam was mixed with delusions, illusions and superstitions.For this reason, the Qur'anic approach is diversified; to reform the pre-Islamic society, the polytheism and unbelief that were witnessed, at that time there was a clear deviation in the moral, social aspects and the virtuous values in the society, Therefore, these deviations require a multiple approach to reform them. Among those methods used in calling the polytheists, it was the sensory approach that depends on the sense and observation of tangible matters. It was an invitation to consider the amazing creations of Allah that man passes through; To reflect and to know that this universe and creatures have a great Creator, who is Allah - Subhanahu - and branching out from the sensual approach is to set forth proverbs in the holy Qur'an, it has emerged by setting proverbs for tangible things that people see and touch and accept with their minds; As well as setting proverbs for reasonable things; Since reasonable meanings are difficult to settle in the minds of many people, unless it was formulated in a sensual form which is close to comprehension; that is why the holy Qur'an cited proverbs; because these proverbs have an important place in the Qur'an, a wonderful effect on hearts and ears, in addition, it is a praise of the proverbs that he uses for contemplation and prudence, and a statement of a noble purpose, some of which are related to correcting the belief. Some of them to clarify polytheism and unbelief, idolatry, and the derision of their gods, and it includes walking on the earth to witness the effects of the previous peoples, with the intention of the lesson from the consequences that the wrongdoers were punished with, and the approach of walking on the earth was mentioned six times in the Holy Qur'an in the form of the command, and seven times in the interrogative form, with the intention of getting to know the creation and its indication of the power of Allah - Subhanahu -his ability to create the heavens and the earth, the resurrection, and to identify the Sunnah of Allah in the destruction of nations, civilizations from past peoples and the consequence of the people of injustice and evil. Among the methods used in the Glorious Qur'an is the rational method in the Meccan phase to call the polytheists to unite Allah; For this reason, the Qur'an urges creatures to exercise reason, and not to block or obstruct reason; because the mind understands many matters of belief such as knowing Allah - Subhanahu -,the prophets, messengers, and the mind has been used in discussing the most important issues of religion, like the issue of the existence and unification of Allah, and the truthfulness of the Messenger of Allah -peace be upon him- and the issue of resurrection, Therefore, the mind was one of the foundations of certainty granted to man, in order to reach through the construction of a correct belief, and among those innate rational methods that the Qur'an brought and called for belief, including: the method of argument and dialogue, and the method of analogy, all of which are methods used in the Meccan Qur'an to show the importance of monotheism and the establishment of faith.One of the important purposes of the stories in the Qur'an is to warn that the religion was sent by the prophets is one approach to reform societies from the aspect of belief, in which there is no contradiction or difference. To clarify this matter, we find the Holy Qur'an narrate stories of a number of prophets combined in one surah, the purpose of explaining the stories of the Qur'an in the Meccan period in particular, is to see the pre-Islamic society and all people and the fate of previous nations who did not follow the teaching of their prophets, so they take lesson from their reality, they learn from the consequences of their affairs, they see with their minds and feelings the consequences of the people who were abandoned before them, their failure to obey and submit to the approach of Allah and the prophets sent to them, so these polytheists and the interlocutors put in their account that if they follow their path, they will inevitably reach that painful end and consequence, with the Holy Qur'an reviewing the stories of past prophets and nations, it may be a reason for guiding the unbelievers and accepting the truth and submitting to it. The observer of the Great Qur'an sees that the stories of the previous nations are divided into the Meccan and the Medinan Qur'an, although most of it was mentioned in the Meccan period. Indeed, scholars have made signs of the Meccan verses of the stories. The Meccan Qur'an exposed many stories of the prophets; from Adam's story, Noah, Abraham, Moses and other prophets - may blessings and peace be upon them -, and their stories mentioned at that phase are related to the parts of the surah; because it deals with the aspect of belief in those verses in the dispute of the polytheists and their stubbornness to the Messenger of Allah -peace be upon him- therefore, the story of the prophets in the Holy Qur'an began with a statement of monotheism, and belief in the Messengers and the Last Day, and this was the practice of all the prophets with their people, from Adam, to the last of the prophets Muhammad -peace be upon him- the approach of the Holy Qur'an in presenting the stories was not a historical narration, as is the case in the stories of the Torah. Rather, it was cast as exhortation and guidance in the context of the stories, after recalling the verses of Allah, and the call to worship Him - subhanahu - and to renounce polytheism, misguidance, and this means that the purpose of the story in the Meccan era is to call the polytheists and all people to pure monotheism and submission to Allah – Subhanahu- In all matters of life, the historical approach of the Qur'an was to support the Messenger- peace be upon him- and to establish him in the field of da'wah and to spread peace and tranquillity in the souls and hearts of the Companions "Sahaba" may Allah Almighty be pleased with them –; because themanifested in their compassion for their people, their patience over their harm, the firmness on the creedstatement that Allah –azza wajal- is the supporter of the prophets and those who follow them, and the destroyer of the lying wrongdoers who deny the messengers who followed an approach and a path rather than the path of the prophets and messengers. Key words : the Qur'an, belief, reason, Mecca, sense, stories. Quantity of Page: 198 + X Supervisor: PROF. DR. Abdulbaki GÜNEŞ.