Experimental determination of the effects of nanoparticle added alternative fuels on engine characteristics and exhaust emissions and optimization using statistical-numerical approaches

In this study, biodiesel obtained from coriander seed oil (KTY100) and waste frying oil (AY100) was mixed with diesel fuel by volume and optimum mixing ratio was determined to produce 30% coriander seed biodiesel and 70% diesel mixture (KTY30) and 20% waste frying oil biodiesel and 80% diesel mixture (AY20). Test fuels were prepared by adding boron carbide (B4C) and crystalline nanocellulose (NS) nanoparticles between 0-100 ppm and 25 ppm intervals to these fuels. Engine performance and emissions of nanoparticle added fuels were investigated experimentally and the optimum nanoparticle amount was determined by performing two-factor modeling for KTY and three-factor modeling for AY using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). In addition, in-cylinder pressure and temperature were simulated depending on crankshaft angle using ANSYS Forte software in the study and emission values were numerically modeled. According to the results obtained in the study, the test fuels are within acceptable limits according to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards. It was observed that there was a strong agreement between the estimation results made by RSM using regression equations and the test results. Between the data obtained in the experiments and the estimation results of RSM, the error rate average of all responses for B4C-added KTY fuels was determined as 4.34. While the error rate average of all responses for NS-added KTY fuels was 4.08, it was determined as 4.86 for B4C-added AY fuels and 5.51 for NS-added AY fuels. R2 values for all test fuels are 95% and above. In this case, it can be said that the data is statistically significant at the 95% confidence level and it is seen that acceptable results are obtained. According to RSM optimization, the optimum NS amount for KTY fuel was determined as 100 ppm and engine load as 1453.21 W, the optimum B4C amount as 62.6263 ppm and engine load as 1530.30 W. The optimum NS amount for AY fuel was determined as 58.8986 ppm, injection pressure as 220 bar and engine load as 1368.68 W, while the optimum B4C amount added to AY20 fuel was determined as 36.36 ppm, injection pressure as 220 bar and engine load as 1267 W.