Transition from ad hoc diplomacy to permanent diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire: The Egyptian issue (1831-1841)

In this thesis, the effects of the transition to permanent diplomacy on the diplomatic settlement of the Egyptian issue, which was an international internal problem of the Ottoman Empire, are analyzed. The emergence of the civil bureaucracy in the transition to permanent diplomacy and the fact that the civil servants were the most effective internal environmental factor in the diplomatic solution of the Egyptian issue were evaluated together with the transformation in the organizational structure. The development process of ad hoc and permanent diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire is evaluated in its interaction with the changes and innovations in the administrative organizational structure. In this context, the impact of the development of the culture of penmanship on the process of transition to permanent diplomacy has been investigated. The effectiveness of the civil servant class, which was shaped by processes such as the establishment of the translation room, the transition to permanent diplomacy and the establishment of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in the settlement process of the Egyptian issue is evaluated in terms of analyzing the approaches of the powers that be on this issue and the compliance of the negotiation dynamics developed by the civil servants on the basis of the balance of power with these approaches. Britain's change of policy in favor of the Ottoman Empire after the 1833 Treaty of Hünkar İskelesi and its strategic alignment between the Straits-based balance of power diplomacy, which tended to protect the territorial integrity and independence of the Ottoman Empire, and commercial relations diplomacy, which tended to ensure stability and order with structural innovations for raw materials and market needs, were analyzed in terms of their compatibility with the theses of the civil servants for the solution of the Egyptian issue. All these processes are evaluated in chronological order in terms of the level of organization of the kalemiye, the factors of transition to permanent diplomacy, the transformation of the civil bureaucracy in the status of civil servants and the balance of power.