Effective planting in wetlands through a landscape restoration approach: the case of van-edremit wetland

This study focuses on the evaluation of ecological risk factors within the scope of landscape restoration of the Edremit Wetland, located within the borders of Edremit district in Van province, and the implementation of effective planting strategies for the sustainable rehabilitation of the area. Wetlands provide critical ecosystem services such as supporting biodiversity, regulating the water cycle, storing carbon, and balancing the climate. However, in recent years, human-induced interventions including increasing urbanization, unplanned construction, agricultural and livestock activities, uncontrolled grazing, the construction of peripheral roads, and the discharge of domestic waste have led to the degradation of these areas and a weakening of their natural functions. The Edremit Wetland is one of the natural systems exposed to these threats. Within the scope of this research, the current state of the wetland was analyzed through on-site field observations, the comparison of historical and current satellite images, interviews with relevant institutions, and an extensive literature review. As a result of these analyses, four main ecological risk factors were identified: changes in land use and cover, decline in vegetation productivity, fire risk, and deterioration in water quality. It was observed that pressures originating from human activities significantly harm the biological integrity of the area. In order to establish a scientific foundation for the rehabilitation process, 15 soil samples were taken from different points of the Edremit Wetland and subjected to laboratory analyses. The analyses evaluated parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter content, and the presence of heavy metals. The results showed that the soils have an alkaline character, high organic matter content, and no detectable heavy metal pollution. Furthermore, EC values were within levels that do not pose a risk to plant growth. Based on the data obtained from the soil analyses, appropriate planting strategies were developed for the wetland. Plant species compatible with the ecological conditions of Van province and the soil structure of the area were identified, and a planting model was proposed. Pilot application zones were selected in various sections of the wetland as part of this model. The proposed planting activities aim to support the flora and fauna structure of the wetland, enhance its visual landscape quality, and strengthen ecosystem functions. As a result, this thesis provides a scientific assessment of the ecological risks present in the Edremit Wetland and develops applicable planting strategies for sustainable landscape restoration. The study also serves as a model for similar wetlands in the Lake Van Basin and offers valuable guidance for local governments and environmental planners.