The genotoxic and anti-genotoxic effects of Salvia fruticosa plant extract in human lymphocytes in the absence and presence of metabolic activator

In the present study, the genotoxic and anti-genotoxic effects of Salvia fruticosa (Sf) leaf extract were tested with absence and presence of S9 mix using sister chromatid exchange (SCE), chromosome aberration (CA) and micronucleus (MN) formation test systems. The cytotoxicity of Sf leaf extract was also investigated by calculating the mitotic index (MI), proliferation index (PI) and nuclear division index (NDI). For this reason, the lymphocytes were treated with 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 µl/ml concentrations of Sf leaf extract for 24h and 48h treatment periods.In the absence of S9 mix, Sf leaf extract alone increased SCE frequency at 48 hours treatment period however it induced the CA at all concentrations and at all treatment periods. When Sf leaf extract applied with MMC, the SCE and CA were synergically induced except the highest concentration of Sf leaf extract and MMC on induction of SCE. In parallel with these results, Sf leaf extract increased the number of micronucleus. Sf leaf extract induced the effect of MMC on MN frequency 24h treatment period, but it decreased the effect of MMC on MN frequency at 48h treatment period. In the presence of S9 mix, Sf leaf extract increased the number of SCE when compared with untreated control only while it reduced the effect of Cyp.Whereas Sf leaf extract induced the number of CA and the percentage of abnormal cell at the highest concentration, but it could not increase the effect of Cyp. Sf leaf extract alone increased the micronucleus formation, however Sf leaf extract and Cyp as a mixture could not induce MN formation. In the absence of S9mix Sf leaf extract showed a cytotoxic effect via decreasing the MI, however it did not decrease the PI and NDI. In the presence of S9mix, Sf leaf extract had no cytotoxic effect, however it induced the cytotoxicity of Cyp.