From the political and economic aspects: Ghiyath Al-Din Kaykhusraw III and Coins in Konya Ethnography Museum

The second half of the 13th century was a period of increasing Mongol hegemony, weakening of political authority and deepening of economic instability for the Seljuk State of Turkey. During the reign of Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw III , who ascended to the Seljuk throne in 1266, he remained under political and military pressure from the Mongols, and the real administrative power of the state was largely in the hands of Mongol governors and extremely influential statesmen such as Muʿīn al-Dīn Sulaymān Parwāna. Muʿīn al-Dīn Sulaymān Parwāna was one of the most influential statesmen who consolidated Mongol rule in Anatolia. Thanks to his loyalty to the Mongols, he had great influence in the state administration, but from time to time he tried to protect his own political interests by forming secret alliances with the Mamluks. His influence in the administration overshadowed the Seljuk sultans and increased the dependence of the Seljuk State of Turkey on the Mongols. The strengthening of the Turkmen principalities in this period changed the political balances in Anatolian lands. Independent principalities such as the Karamanids resisted the Mongol-Seljuk authority. At the same time, Hatiroğlu Şerefeddin and other Turkmen nobles fought for independence against Mongol domination. In 1277, the Mamluk Sultan Baybars challenged Mongol rule with an expedition to Anatolia, which encouraged the Turkmens. However, the loyalty of the Seljuk emirs to the Mongols prevented Baybars' support from becoming permanent. The suppression of these rebellions further strengthened the Mongols' control over Anatolia. Again during this period, Mongol tax policies and increasing financial liabilities disrupted commercial activities in Anatolia, which further increased the pressure on merchants and manufacturers. Although port cities such as Sinop, Antalya and Alanya maintained their importance in terms of trade, the Mongols' heavy economic demands weakened the state's financial independence. The weakening in the economy can also be observed on the coins of the period. The decrease in the purity of gold and silver in the coins of Ghiyath al-Din Kaykhusraw III is a reflection of the deterioration and inflationary pressure in the Seljuk economy.