Term of Sultan II. Abdülhamid and German effect on Ottoman army

The war that took place between Ottoman and Russian community in 1877-1878 was resulted in the defeat of Ottomans. Besides, Russian army?s moving towards Yeşilköy had caused bedevilment. This defeat clearly demonstrated the necessity to make reforms in the army. Yet, II. Abdülhamid believed that reforms could be successful only if they are performed by foreign experts. I. Mahmud term was the period when foreign experts were consulted with regard to the reforms in the army for the first time. During this term, Kont de Bonneval was assigned in the Ottoman army. During II. Mahmud term, Moltke and his committee offered service for four years. Until the term of II. Abdülhamid, officers of several countries were utilized from time to time. German officers were assigned in this regard, during II. Abdülhamid term. Officers were assigned within military reform commission and they were responsible for investigating current situation of the army and making reform recommendations. These recommendations were evaluated at reform commission and appropriate ones were offered to the Sultan for approval. In addition, Goltz Pasha was specifically appointed regarding the reform of military education. German officers undertook the reform task during II. Abdülhamid term and maintained this task until I. World War following dethronement of II. Abdülhamid.