A model proposal for expression of deteriorations of historical masonry facades and model testing on 19th century buildings in the Galata-Pera area

Expressions of damages and deteriorations observed on buildings are carried out by various professional disciplines. Damages and deteriorations detected in historical buildings are visualized with analytical mapping prepared in restoration area. In this regard, because of different techniques to prepare analytical mapping, the thesis aims to develop a common technical method. In the first stage, causes of damages and deteriorations and related studies are researched. They are about common building damages, impact of the internal structure of the building material on the damage, building pathology, display formation of damage and deterioration and various examples of related studies. Different techniques are determined for the evaluation of damages and deteriorations. Starting from this point, presentation steps of damages and deteriorations have been searched in architecture. Subsequently, resources that contain information about damages and deteriorations are scanned and summarized. Major damages and deteriorations are listed on a chart with definitions and related images. In the following step, major damages observed on durable materials of exterior walls of historical masonry buildings are classified in order to develop a common technical method for presentation of analytical mapping. For this purpose, examined properties of materials and components of external walls of masonry systems have been determined. In the study, materials of masonry walls which are built as a part of the structural system have been studied. In addition, primary properties, layers, functions, materials and related information have been summarized. Natural stone, brick and mortar / plaster have been determined for evaluation and observation of damages and deteriorations of the materials, listed on a chart with reasons. As a result of the investigations, the presentation methods in restoration area of damages and deteriorations have been researched and related points of analytical mapping have been studied. Various methods and arrangements are available for the preparation of analytical mappings. Because there are different problems proper to different buildings, it is emphasized that each building has a unique analytical mapping. For determination of the methods of analytical mapping, various case studies and their contents and main visual arrangements have been studied and presented. As a result, main presentation problems and visual editing of analytical mappings have been studied for the evaluation as a part of the thesis. Because there are different legends and presentations for damages and deteriorations, approaches of other disciplines have been researched in order to determine a common working method. Similar presentation techniques and parallel methods for analytical mappings have been discovered in the study. In geography, various features on the earth are visually presented by mapping. As a profession, cartography is a discipline that regulates visual studies for mapping. Some methods and examples of the cartography were discussed in the following topics to improve analytical mappings: Generalization, graphic expressions, thematic maps, mapping elements and symbols. It is also emphasized that design informations are referable. All investigations related with damages and deteriorations, similar/different approaches of analytical survey and mapping (frame, title, legend, arrangement of information, graphic design, elections etc.) were determined to develop the model. The study aims to compose a common representation model for damages and deteriorations of historical masonry facades. A working method is carried out to improve the restoration studies on expressions of damages and deteriorations of masonry facades to use the examples and similarities of analytical mapping and other disciplines. The stages of the suggested method are as follows: 1. Groupings / classifications for building damages and deteriorations All expressions of damages and deteriorations determined in the study have been studied and other classifications from different sources are examined. Starting from similarities, a grouping table is presented to evaluate on the model. 2. Determination of the study phases of analytical survey General information about on-site inspection and drawing studies are discussed in this section to improve the study. 3. Developments for analytical survey studies At this stage of the study, a common method is created to develop analytical surveys that provides the most accurate and current information. In the model, the material (damage / deterioration), restoration (analytical mapping) and mapping (cartography) issues are assessed. 4. A common expression of damages and deteriorations as a proposal The damages and deteriorations of masonry facades in the Galata-Pera area built in the second half of the 19th century were examined for testing the developed model. Three buildings on Serdar-ı Ekrem Street and the damages and deteriorations on their facades are inspected on-site, recorded with photographs and analyzed in progress. Examples are worked in the studies of the common model and mapping methods. Defined deteriorations were considered as layers and visual features and display techniques were determined. This information is evaluated in the stage of editing and presenting of analytical mappings. In the study, the main results are: - General expressions and expressions of determined materials of damages and deteriorations have common words and parallel approaches. - Evaluating the working methods of different disciplines are useful for the identification of problems and solutions. The developed model suggests a method for determination of damages and deteriorations of buildings and can be used as a guide for analytical surveys in the future.