Cost estimation approach of pollution control caused by dangerous substances discharged into surface water-a case study: Nilüfer river subbasin

Population growth, industrial production and agricultural activities cause water pollution. The legal obligations increase because of significant level of water pollution, thus many directives were created in this area. The most important directive is "Water Framework Directive" in European Union for the protection and management of water resources. According to this directive, not only environmental quality standards, but also discharge standards must be specified for preventing pollution with an integrated approach. Source control is provided with discharge standards. Turkey is in adaptation process with European Union legislation and has various plans. According to the adaptation process, discharge standards will be specified based on environmental quality standards. The sectors will need to change wastewater treatment methods and/or raw materials and technology in production process because of this adaptation activity. The needs will increase costs inevitably. Within the scope of this thesis, cost estimation approach of pollution control caused by dangerous substances is developed. The developed approach was applied to Nilüfer Subbasin and the 13.30 NACE coded subsector that is called "Textile Finishing". Two major projects that are called "Project On Control of Pollution Caused by Dangerous Substances" and "Detection of Dangerous Substances and Ecological Coastal Dynamics in Transitional and Coastal Waters of Turkey", done by T.R. Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs Directorate General of Water Management. Dangerous substances and sectors related to these substances were specified with these projects. The scope of these studies were restricted with basin selection, evaluation of dangerous substances and sector selection in this study. Current situation was revealed in evaluation of inventory (specification of single sources, analysis results etc.).There are 3 organized industrial zones and 2 single plant in case study area. The analyses of receiving water body have 4 period and every period is defined as a season. Control of dangerous substances techniques are expressed as integrated pollution prevention and control techniques. The study includes not only specification of integrated pollution prevention and control techniques but also comparison of these techniques. Scoring system was used for comparison of integrated pollution prevention and control techniques. Technical feasibility, technical efficiency, cost (investment and operational cost) and secondary environmental impact are evaluation components of scoring system. The techniques that were evaluated within the scope of case study, are end of pipe techniques oriented. Also, if data are available for comparison criteria, the methodology can be applied for clean production technology. The techniques were prioritized after scoring for cost estimation. The prioritization included mandatory investment in short term. The regulation standards and the analyses of receiving water body were used in prioritization. At the end of the prioritization, lead and compounds, nickel and compounds, hexabromocyclododecanes(HBCDDs), Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and derivatives and C10-13 chloroalkanes were selected. The cost estimation was done for selected alternative in last step of study. Financial aspect of change was scrutinized besides that guidebook was prepared for dangerous substances treatment techniques and clean production techniques. These techniques are for related subsector. This part like guidebook includes general information of textile industry, information about textile finishing subsector, specification of dangerous subtances formed by textile finishing industry. Appropriate combination of methods were biological treatment, chemical treatment and active carbon adsorption for Nilüfer Subbasin and 13.30 NACE coded subsector textile finishing. This selection was done according to the scores that consist of five evaluation components. Overall high scores can be preferable but instead of general scores, the score of a component can be examine sometimes. For example, if the discharge standard is very strict, technical efficiency will be the most important evaluation component. Wastewater treatment of all single sources have biological treatment for selected subbasin. Because of this reason, investment cost of biological treatment was ignored in cost estimation that was done in this study. The needs analysis was done specific to single sources for chemical treatment and active carbon adsorption. There are tow non-chemical treatment and these are specified as a organized industrial zone and a single source. Additionaly, all plants that are formed by inventory need to active carbon adsorption. The capacity of chemical treatment and active carbon adsorption technologies were specified approximately 100,000 m3/day with various analyses. This value includes different single sources and different wastewater percent.The general assumption is 50% of textile wastewater flow. The investment cost of control caused by dangerous substances was estimated as 17.000.000 € for Nilüfer Subbasin and 13.30 NACE coded subsector textile finishing. Operational cost are related to the quantity of wastewater for all treatment techniques. The operational cost of chemical treatment and active carbon adsorption change between 0.6-3 €/m3 according to the quantity of wastewater. These operational costs was evaluated separately for organized industrial zones and single sources. The operational cost of these treatment techniques are 0.6-1.1 €/m3 and 1.5-3 €/m3 for organized industrial zones and single sources respectively. Net present value analysis (NPV) was done in this thesis, thus appropriate comparison data were created. NPV analyses include some assumptions. These assumptions are: constant flow, 10 year operation period (first year: construction), bank rate (10%) and average unit operation cost 1€/m3. Finally, net present value calculated as approximately 200 million with these assumptions. Thus, determination can be expressed as providing operational cost is more important for sustainable dangerous substances management. The unit costs are expected to decrease in the future. Because control of dangerous substances techniques will become widespread. The estimated costs just included wastewater treatment investment and operational costs for single sources. On the other hand various kind of the cost forming components must show up with specified standards for dangerous substances discharges. The cost of audit and laboratory analyses are just examples for cost forming components. The cost of audit related to supervisory authority. Also, the cost of laboratory analyses related to industries that must obey the standards. This thesis has case study for cost estimation. In this estimation, current legislation and the results of receiving water body analyses taken into consideration. It is recommended to repeat the study with renewed legislation and increasing the analyses type and the varieties. The costs can be more sensitive but there are some necessities for this. These necessities examples are: control and monitoring, formation of inventory for integrated pollution prevention and control techniques. In-plant controls can come true quickly for control of dangerous substances techniques. This period can be accelerated with taking inspirer measures for industrialists and creating financial incentive. In this context, coordination between industries and state institutions and organizations must be provided. In this study, social, economic and environmental impacts were examined with regulatory impact analysis (REA). Because, decision-making institutions and organizations need to regulatory impact analysis before standards transferring to the legislation.