Evaluation of dietary intake of advanced glycation end products (AGE) in patients with type 1 diabetes

Type 1 Diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which β-cells in the pancreas are progressively damaged, leading to a critical loss of insulin production, resulting in hyperglycemia. The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) appears to be increased in diabetes as a result of hyperglycemia. In recent years, emphasis has been placed on the relationship between AGEs and complications of diabetes. Additionally, a dramatic increase in the consumption of ultra-processed foods has been reported worldwide, and ultra-processed foods are rich in AGE content. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the relationship between nutritional status, ultra-processed food consumption and dietary AGE intake in people diagnosed with T1DM. This study was conducted at Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital with a total of 186 participants, including 94 participants (56 girls, 38 boys) aged 3-18 who were diagnosed with T1DM and 92 participants (47 girls, 45 boys) who were not diagnosed with T1DM. General characteristics of the participants, nutritional habits, three-day food consumption records were recorded, physical activity levels were evaluated, anthropometric measurements were taken and biochemical findings were recorded. In calculating dietary AGE (dAGE) intake, Uribarri et al. In 2010, a database consisting of 549 foods was used. Processed food consumption was evaluated according to the NOVA classification method. HbA1c (%), fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL), sodium (mmol/L), potassium (mg/dL), phosphorus (mg/dL), calcium (mg/dL), iron (ug/dL) from the participants' files. , ferritin (ml/ng), vitamin B12 (pG/mL), magnesium (mg/dL), ALT (U/L), AST (U/L), creatinine (mg/dL) and uric acid (mg/dL). ) findings were recorded. The average HbA1c values ​​of the participants were 8.71±2.39 in the case group and 5.89±0.37 in the control group (p<0.05). Dietary AGE intake was found to be 9842.86 ± 3503.89 kU/day in the case group and 9096.43 ± 3147.54 kU/day in the control group (p>0.05). Processed food consumption was found to be 511.13±149.99 g/day in the case group and 467.96±160.93 g/day in the control group (p>0.05). Ultra-processed food consumption was found to be 41.98±48.10 g/day in the case group and 43.55±59.31 g/day in the control group (p>0.05). A relationship was observed between processed food consumption and dAGE amount (p<0.05). No relationship was found between ultra-processed food consumption and dAGE amount (p>0.05). No difference was detected in anthropometric measurements according to age ranges in the case and control groups (p>0.05). According to the participants' z scores, no relationship was observed between body weight, BMI and waist circumference and dAGE intake (p>0.05). Serum fasting glucose, HbA1c, iron, AST, creatinine and uric acid values ​​of the participants in the case group; It was found to be statistically significantly higher than the values ​​in the control group (p<0.001). As a result, in this study, a relationship was found between processed food consumption and dAGE, no relationship was found between ultra-processed food consumption and dAGE, and no relationship was observed between biochemical parameters and dAGE.