Comparative performance analysis of airport enterprises in Türkiye: Implications from data envelopment analysis and second-generation panel data methods for public, build-operate-transfer, build-operate and lease operate transfer model airport investments

Air transport is the fastest mode of international connectivity, enabling the movement of passengers and cargo for trade, education, public services, and tourism swiftly and at relatively low risk. Given its substantial added value and spillover effects, the efficiency of airport operations is of critical importance. This study examines the operational efficiency of airports in Türkiye and its determinants over the period 2000–2022. In the first stage, an output-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) under the CCR (constant returns to scale) assumption was employed to construct a nationwide efficiency map, and improvement targets were identified for inefficient units. The analyses cover 44 airports with regularly available data. In the second stage, the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity (TFP) index was calculated and examined using second-generation panel data methods. The findings indicate that revenue and passenger growth enhance efficiency, whereas higher staffing levels and apron capacity reduce it. The results provide decision-supportive recommendations for airport managers and policymakers.