Pollination biology of linaria grandiflora desf., linaria genistifolia (l) mill. subsp. confertiflora (boiss.) P.H.davis and linaria pyramidalis subsp. pyramidalis taxa naturally occurring in turkey

This study investigates the pollination biology of Linaria grandiflora, L. genistifolia subsp. confertiflora, and L. pyramidalis subsp. pyramidalis, which are naturally distributed across different elevations and regions in Türkiye. Field observations were conducted during the flowering periods in 2023–2024 to identify pollinator species, their visitation times, behaviors, and pollen placement areas, documented through videos and photographs. Morphometric analyses were used to compare floral spur lengths with the glossae lengths of the pollinators, revealing clear morphological matches between the species and their visitors. Pollen and stigma viability were assessed in pre- and post-anthesis stages, showing higher biological activity in early floral phases. Additionally, the maturation timing of male and female floral organs was evaluated to determine dicogamy types. Protandry was observed in L. grandiflora, protogyny in L. pyramidalis subsp. pyramidalis, and a partial tendency toward protandry in L. genistifolia subsp. confertiflora. The findings demonstrate a functional match between floral structures and pollinator behavior, indicating that this compatibility plays a direct role in pollination success.