Regional analysis of economic globalization in Turkey

The globalization process in the world manifests itself in different degrees in the political, cultural, technological and economic fields. In particular, economic globalization plays a transformative role on the economic structure of both the country and the sub-national regions. In this process, while there are regions that gain from globalization, some regions may also be adversely affected by economic globalization. This is an issue that needs to be carefully examined for countries with regional inequality problems. From this point of view, in this study, it is aimed to examine the economic globalization in Turkey from a regional perspective. Trade Openness Rate and Foreign Direct Investments data, which are widely used in the literature, are used as indicators of economic globalization in the analysis. In addition, to see the income level of the relevant period the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita and due to its contribution to the globalization of the regions the Number of Incoming Tourists are also included in the analysis. The variables are provided at the level of 81 provinces of Turkey for the period of 2010-2020. The data is analyzed with the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) method. With the spatial data analysis, it is examined whether the variables create spatial autocorrelation between the regions. While spatial autocorrelation could not be found in the Number of Incoming Tourists variables, positive spatial autocorrelation is found in the Trade Openness Rate and GDP Per Capita data. In terms of Direct Foreign Investment data, the spatial autocorrelation varies between the years examined, however there is a positive spatial autocorrelation for the 2010-2020 average. In addition, spatial clusters are determined by LISA analysis to determine spatial interaction of provinces.