The relationship between the God and the world in the treatments of isbât-i vâcib of the new ilm-i kelâm period

Towards the end of the 19th century, 'the extent to which the Islamic world should close the European civilization' became an important issue. As the positivism spread in the West, materialism came into prominence and the concept that 'there is eternal matter in the essence of the universe' and 'that there is nothing but the matter' has spread rapidly. During this period, the Islamic world had to deal with political problems and could not put importance in this issue intellectually. There were intellectuals who were not aware of that issue, and did not know the Western intellectualism very well, and who admiringly copy the Western intellectualism even though their philosophical foundations had not been established in order to get rid of the underdevelopment syndrome. However, there were intellectuals who were more cautious about the happenings in Europe. The prominent representatives of this movement named this innovation movement as the new ilm-i kalam (new science of kalam). Especially the translation of the books on materialism and the critical books that emerged in a reactionary manner considering the impact on the youth of the country were the most important works of that period. Materialism's total rejection of the idea of God and replacing it with the matter was criticized by the representatives of the new ilm-i kalam, and both kalam and modern Western philosophy about the existence of God were used. In this study, the place and importance of the idea of unity of existence, which defends neither a transcendent nor an immanent Allah-World relationship against the idea of a godless world of materialism, in the isbât-ı wâjib (proof of Allah) treatises written in this period has been covered.