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Helikopter ebeveyn tutumlarının bireylerdeki kaygı düzeyi üzerindeki etkisi
Bu araştırma, helikopter ebeveyn tutumlarının bireylerin kaygı düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Helikopter ebeveynlik, ebeveynlerin çocuklarının gelişimsel süreçlerine aşırı düzeyde müdahil olmasıyla karakterize edilen ve son yıllarda psikolojik literatürde sıklıkla tartışılan bir ebeveynlik tarzıdır. Araştırmada, bu tutumların bireylerin kaygı düzeyine nasıl ilişkili olduğu sorgulanmakta ve özellikle anksiyete düzeyiyle olası ilişkisi değerlendirilmektedir. Araştırma, ilişkisel tarama modeli çerçevesinde desenlenmiş ve nicel yöntem kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın evrenini, Türkiye genelinde çeşitli yaş ve sosyo-demografik özelliklere sahip bireyler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemini ise, çevrim içi ve yüz yüze veri toplama yolları aracılığıyla gönüllü olarak katılan ve dışlama kriterlerine göre değerlendirilen toplam 164 birey oluşturmuştur. Katılımcıların yaş aralığı 18 ila 60 arasında değişmekte olup, farklı cinsiyet, medeni durum, eğitim ve gelir düzeylerinden bireylerin yer aldığı heterojen bir örneklem yapısı oluşturulmuştur. Veri toplama sürecinde üç temel araç kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların demografik bilgilerini edinmek amacıyla Sosyo-Demografik Bilgi Formu, ebeveynlik tutumlarını değerlendirmek amacıyla Helikopter Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeği (anne ve baba formları), bireylerin kaygı düzeylerini ölçmek için ise Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Ölçekler, psikometrik açıdan geçerlik ve güvenirlik özellikleri doğrulanmış Türkçe uyarlamalardır. Elde edilen veriler, IBM SPSS Statistics 27 programı aracılığıyla analiz edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler, bireylerin çocukluk ve ergenlik dönemlerinde algıladıkları helikopter ebeveynlik tutumlarının, özellikle duygusal özerklik ve temel yaşam becerilerine yönelik müdahaleler, yetişkinlik dönemindeki anksiyete düzeylerini anlamlı biçimde etkileyebileceğini göstermiştir. Araştırma sonuçları, helikopter ebeveynliğin sadece ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkisinde değil, bireyin uzun vadeli psikolojik iyi oluşunda da belirleyici bir rol oynadığını ortaya koyarak, bu tutumların ruh sağlığı açısından risk oluşturabileceğine dikkat çekmektedir.
Yetişkin bireylerde çocukluk çağı travmaları, somatizasyon ve duygu düzenleme becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
Bu araştırmanın amacı 18-65 yaş arası yetişkinlerde çocukluk çağı travmaları, somatizasyon ve duygu düzenleme becerileri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek ve bu değişkenleri sosyo-demografik faktörlerle birlikte inceleyerek literatüre katkı sunmaktır. Araştırmada, ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırma örneklemini İstanbul ilinde yaşayan, çevrim içi anket yöntemiyle ulaşılan 262 kadın, 127 erkek olmak üzere toplam 389 katılımcı oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada katılımcılara "Kişisel Bilgi Formu", "Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travma Ölçeği (CTQ-33)", "Somatizasyon Ölçeği (SÖ)" ve "Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü Ölçeği-8 (DDGÖ-8)" uygulanmıştır. Verilerinin analizinde bağımsız örneklem t-testi, ANOVA, Pearson korelasyon analizi ve çoklu regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Grupların homojen olmaması halinde parametrik olmayan analizler kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler, bireylerin sosyodemografik özelliklerine göre çocukluk çağı travması, somatizasyon ve duygu düzenleme puanlarının anlamlı biçimde farklılaştığını ortaya koymuştur. Erkek katılımcıların çocukluk çağı travma puanı kadınlardan istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Araştırma bulgularına göre; çocukluk çağı travmaları, somatizasyon ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü değişkenlerinin birbirleri arasında pozitif yönde orta düzeyde anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Regresyon modeli, somatizasyon ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü puanlarının birlikte çocukluk çağı travma puanlarının anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, çocukluk çağı travmalarının yetişkinlikte somatizasyon düzeyini ve duygu düzenleme becerilerini olumsuz yönde etkileyebileceğini göstermektedir. Bulgular literatür çerçevesinde değerlendirilerek ruhsal travmalara karşı koruyucu önleyici tedbirlerin gerekliliği ortaya koyulmuştur. Bu araştırmanın, çocukluk çağı travmalarını önlemeye yönelik programların değerlendirilmesi; çocukları bu tür travmalardan koruyacak yeni müdahale yaklaşımlarının geliştirilmesi veya mevcut programların iyileştirilmesi açısından önemli katkılar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca bu çalışmanın literatüre katkı sağlayıp gelecek araştırmalara yol gösterici olacağı düşünülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları, Somatizasyon, Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü.
Üniversite öğrencilerinde algılanan ebeveyn tutumları ile borderline kişilik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkide reddedilme duyarlılığının aracı rolü
Bu araştırmada, üniversite öğrencilerinin algıladıkları ebeveyn tutumları ile borderline kişilik özellikleri arasındaki ilişkide reddedilme duyarlılığının aracı rolü incelenmiştir. Psikolojik gelişimin erken dönem çevresel faktörlerden önemli ölçüde etkilendiği ve ebeveyn tutumlarının bireyin kişilik yapılanması üzerinde belirleyici bir rol oynayabildiği bilinmektedir. Borderline kişilik örüntüsü ise duygusal dalgalanmalar, terk edilme korkusu ve kişilerarası ilişkilerdeki istikrarsızlık gibi belirgin özelliklerle tanımlanmakta; bu örüntünün gelişiminde erken yaşantıların önemli etkileri olduğu düşünülmektedir. Çalışma, İstanbul'da üniversite öğrenimine devam eden 227 öğrenci ile yürütülmüş ve veri toplama aracı olarak Sosyo-Demografik Bilgi Formu, Kısaltılmış Algılanan Ebeveyn Tutumları Ölçeği – Çocuk Formu, Reddedilme Duyarlılığı Ölçeği ve Borderline Kişilik Envanteri kullanılmıştır. İstatistiksel analizler IBM SPSS 27 programı ve Hayes'in Process Macro eklentisi ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Korelasyon analizleri, regresyon ve aracı değişken analizleri uygulanmıştır.Elde edilen bulgular, reddedici ve aşırı koruyucu ebeveyn tutumlarının borderline kişilik özellikleriyle anlamlı düzeyde pozitif yönde ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca, reddedilme duyarlılığının bu ilişki üzerinde anlamlı bir aracı rol oynadığı saptanmıştır. Özellikle anne ve babaya yönelik duygusal sıcaklık algısının azalması, borderline kişilik yapılanmasıyla negatif yönde ilişkili bulunmuştur. Bu sonuçlar, erken dönem ebeveyn tutumlarının bireyin duygusal ve kişilerarası işlevselliği üzerinde uzun vadeli etkiler oluşturabileceğini ve klinik değerlendirme süreçlerinde bu faktörlerin dikkate alınmasının önemli olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ebeveyn tutumları, borderline kişilik özellikleri, reddedilme duyarlılığı, üniversite öğrencileri.
Suriyeli mülteciler ve yerel halkın intihar olasılıkları ve ruhsal belirtiler açısından karşılaştırılması
Suriye'de yaşanan iç savaş, milyonlarca insanın zorunlu göçüne neden olmuş ve Türkiye, en fazla Suriyeli mülteciye ev sahipliği yapan ülke konumuna gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul'da yaşayan 100 Suriyeli mülteci ile 119 yerel bireyden oluşan toplam 219 katılımcının intihar düşünceleri ve ruhsal belirti puanları karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışmada, katılımcıların sosyodemografik özelliklerini değerlendirmek amacıyla Kişisel Bilgi Formu, ruhsal belirtileri ölçmek için Kısa Semptom Envanteri (KSE) ve intihar düşüncelerini ölçmek için İntihar Olasılığı Ölçeği (İOÖ) kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, Suriyeli katılımcıların Türkçe yeterlik düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla Türkçe Yeterlilik Düzeyi Anketi uygulanmıştır. Analizler SPSS programı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular, Suriyeli katılımcıların İOÖ puanlarının anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek olduğunu, ancak ruhsal belirti puanları için gruplar arasında anlamlı fark bulunmadığını göstermiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulguların, mülteci ve yerel halk gruplarının ruh sağlığı ihtiyaçlarını daha iyi anlamaya, bu gruplar arasındaki farklılık ve benzerlikleri ortaya koymaya ve bu doğrultuda etkili psikososyal destek programları geliştirilmesine katkı sağlaması beklenmektedir.
Erken dönem uyum bozucu şemaların depresyon düzeyi ve romantik ilişki doyumu üzerindeki yordayıcı etkisi
Bu araştırmanın amacı, erken dönem uyumsuz şemaların bireylerin depresyon düzeyleri ve romantik ilişki doyumları üzerindeki yordayıcı etkilerini incelemektir. Çalışma, 18-65 yaş aralığında, çoğunluğu kadın ve yükseköğrenim mezunu bireylerden oluşan bir örneklem grubuyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Beck Depresyon Envanteri (BDE), Young Şema Ölçeği Kısa Form-3 (YSÖ-KF3) ve İlişki Değerlendirme Ölçeği (İDÖ) kullanılmıştır. Veriler, korelasyon ve regresyon analizleriyle değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar depresyon düzeyini anlamlı düzeyde yordamakta; ancak romantik ilişki doyumu üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir yordayıcılığa sahip olmamaktadır. Öte yandan, depresyon düzeyinin romantik ilişki doyumunu anlamlı ve olumsuz yönde yordadığı görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte, demografik değişken grupları arasında erken dönem uyum bozucu şemalar, depresyon ve romantik ilişki doyumu ile anlamlı bir farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Ancak ilişki süresi arttıkça ilişki doyumunun da arttığı görülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular, bireyin psikolojik değerlendirmesinde sadece semptomlara değil, erken dönem yaşantılardan kaynaklanan şema örüntülerine de odaklanılması gerektiğini göstermektedir. Şema temelli yaklaşımların özellikle depresyonla ilişkili psikolojik danışmanlık ve psikoterapi süreçlerinde üzerinde dikkatle durulması gereken önemli bir olgu olduğu görülmektedir.
Kişilik özellikleri ve romantik ilişkiarasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
Pandemi süreci, bireylerin sosyal ilişki kurma biçimlerini derinden etkilemiş ve dijital platformlar aracılığıyla sürdürülen romantik ilişkilerin sayısında belirgin bir artışa yol açabilmektedir. Bu çalışma, pandemi sonrası dönemde flört uygulamalarının bireylerin kişilik özellikleri, romantik ilişki dinamikleri ve psikolojik sağlıkları üzerindeki etkilerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında, çevrimiçi ve çevrimdışı kimlik kavramları, bağlanma stilleri, kişilik teorileri ve dijitalleşmenin ilişkiler üzerindeki dönüştürücü rolü çok boyutlu bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Nicel araştırma yöntemleriyle desteklenen bu çalışmada, cinsiyet ayrımı yapılmaksızın 18-35 yaş arası İstanbul'da yaşayan 232 bireyden elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda flört uygulamalarının bireylerin kendilik algıları, ilişki beklentileri ve sosyal etkileşim pratikleri üzerindeki etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, dijitalleşmenin romantik ilişkilerde yeni dinamikler oluşturduğunu ve bu ilişkilerin bireylerin kişilik gelişimi üzerinde hem olumlu hem de olumsuz etkiler yarattığını işaret etmektedir. Veri toplama araçları olarak; Beş Faktörlü Kişilik Ölçeği, Kendini Açma Ölçeği ve Sosyodemografik Bilgi Formları kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışma, hem akademik literatüre katkı sunmakta hem de bireylerin dijital platformları daha sağlıklı kullanmaları adına öneriler geliştirmektedir.
System justification and mental health: The roles of rumination and distraction
Previous research indicated that justifying the societal status quo influences mental health and serves as a coping mechanism which leads individuals to feel better in difficult times. However, the underlying process of the relationship between system justification and mental health indicators remains unclear. The goal of the present study was to examine the mediating role of emotion regulation in this association. In particular, the current study focused on the mediating roles of two certain emotion regulation strategies namely, distraction and rumination. By combining knowledge from the domains of system justification, emotion regulation, psychological well-being, anxiety, and perceived stress; it was argued that system justification would negatively predict rumination and positively predict distraction. Additionally, it was expected that rumination would be related to adverse mental health outcomes whereas distraction would be related to better mental health outcomes. Moreover, it was hypothesized that emotion regulation strategies together would mediate the relationship between system justification and mental health. The hypotheses were predicted in the context of the judicial system of Turkey. To test these, in one correlational study, data were collected from 432 university students. Results demonstrated that, as expected, system justification was negatively related to rumination, anxiety and perceived stress, and positively related to psychological well-being. Moreover, rumination mediated the relationship between system justification on one hand and anxiety and perceived stress on the other. The findings expand our understanding of the underlying link between system justification and mental health by elucidating the roles on emotion regulation strategies.
A possible link between perfectionism and navigational strategies: Implications for late adolescence
The studies in this thesis aimed to investigate the possible link between perfectionism and navigational strategies in late adolescence from a developmental psychopathology perspective. Literature suggests that assessing navigational strategies is an efficient way to observe the involvement of multiple memory systems in the etiology of variety of psychopathologies. However, there has not been any study investigating perfectionism, which is a risky personality trait for developing psychopathologies, from this perspective. Accordingly, an experimental design involving a computer-based virtual maze paradigm was established to observe navigational strategies and the efficiency for the usage of these strategies. Forty-eight late adolescents and 32 young adults participated in the study. After the experiment, their perfectionism scores were assessed by using the Turkish adaptation of Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. The regression analyses indicated a possible link between participants' scores on some of the perfectionism subscales/dimensions and their navigational performances. This link was largely group dependent with the navigational performance of different groups showing different sensitivities to perfectionism subscale scores. When Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) was trained according to these data, participants' maladaptive perfectionism scores could be predicted with great ease by behavioral data during training trials in the virtual maze. Related clinical implications, limitations and future directions for research were discussed.
The effects of admiration and gratitude expression on perceived partner responsiveness among adolescents: The roles of narcissism and depression
Most of the existing research on emotions in romantic relationships has mostly focused on the emotion experience rather than emotion expression, negative emotions rather than positive emotions, and emotions among adult romantic couples rather than adolescent romantic couples. Drawing on the social function approach to emotions, the thesis involves two goals. The first goal was to investigate the effect of positive emotion expression (gratitude and admiration) on late adolescents' close relationship outcomes (perceived partner responsiveness, relationship commitment, and relationship satisfaction. The study's second goal was to examine the moderating role of narcissism and depression in the association between emotion expression and relationship outcomes. In the current thesis, it was hypothesized that being a target of gratitude expression and admiration expression would increase close relationship outcomes. It was also argued that these effects would be more substantial among those with high narcissistic tendencies but not among those with high depressive symptoms. Two experimental studies in Turkey (Study 1; N = 127) and the USA (Study 2; N = 218) were conducted. The data were collected from heterosexual individuals between the ages of 18 and 22 and have a romantic relationship for at least one month. The results showed that gratitude expression increased relationship commitment in Studies 1-2. However, contrary to the hypothesis, as depressive symptoms increased, gratitude expression strengthened relationship satisfaction in Study 2. The theoretical and applied implications of the findings were discussed.
An investigation of the subjective experiences of expectant couples with prior perinatal loss:A qualitative study
The main purpose of this study was to deeply examine the grief in breaved couples following a perinatal loss in the first pregnany and their experiences during the subsequent pregnancy. For this purpose a qualitative study based on grounded theory method was conducted. Six expectant couples with a history of perinal loss were interviewed in order to explore about their experiences related to perinatal loss and current pregnancy. A semi-structured interview form consisting of 24 questions prepared by the researcher was used and the spouses were interviewed together. The transcribed data analyzed and five main themes, subthemes and a core category were identified. The main themes were appeared as First fime pregnancy: Towards a transition to parenthood", "Traumatic incident of loss: Interrupted Transition", "The period of coping with loss", "Recommense", "Resolving grief and awaiting baby" and "Cultural context characterised by permeable boundaries: Intrusiveness and support"; and the core category was identified as "Transition-Interruption-Equilibrium- Retransition ". The findings of the study were discussed within the framework of grief literature. In addition, implications for perinatal grief counseling and directions for future studies were presented.
The influence of autobiographical memory specificity on goal setting in non-depressed individuals
Previous research demonstrated that over-generalization is a tendency depressed individuals have, and it also translates to both autobiographical memories (aka over-general memory-OGM) and personal future goals, resulting in general autobiographical memory and goal construction. Following research also asserted that past and future episodic memories are highly interlinked and influenced by each other, however, the direction of it was not clear and the literature only consists of depressed samples. In this study, it was investigated whether OGM leads to setting general approach or avoidance goals in non-depressed individuals. The participants were randomly assigned to one of these four groups: specific-success, specific-failure, general-success, and general-failure. In specific-success condition, participants were asked to retrieve specific autobiographical memories related to the word success. In specific-failure condition, participants were required to retrieve specific autobiographical memories related to the word failure. In general-success and general-failure conditions, participants were instructed to retrieve a general autobiographical memory according to the cue word they were presented. Next, the participants followed the study with a goal task which required them to write their approach and avoidance goals. The results showed that OGM did not lead to general goal setting in non-depressed participants. These results imply that the relationship between OGM and reduced goal specificity might be peculiar to depressive state.
Turkish adaptation and effectiveness research of "Body project" eating disorder prevention program for female young adults
The aim of the current study is to translate, adapt, and evaluate the effectiveness of the virtual form of the Body Project (vBP) developed by Stice, Mazotti, Weibel, & Agras (2000). Seventy-three female college students aged 18-25 with reported body dissatisfaction were reached using the convenience sampling method and randomly assigned into two groups. The first group was virtual Body Project (vBP) group (N =40) and the second one was the Expressive Writing (EW) group (N = 33). The participants completed a questionnaire set including the Body Mass Index (BMI), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Body Image Quality of Life (BIQLI), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). The vBP group participated in 1-hour weekly sessions for 4 consecutive weeks while the EW group completed four Expressive Writing tasks weekly. Afterward, the same questionnaire set was administered as posttest assessment. Results revealed that there was no significant difference between two groups in terms of pretest scores. However, the vBP group had significantly lower EDE-Q posttest scores with large effect size (r = .66) and BSI posttest scores with medium effect size (r = .34) when compared to the EW group. Similarly, the vBP group also had higher scores in BIQLI (r = .34) and RSES (r = .34) in post-test assessment with medium effect sizes. When the pre- and post-test scores are compared for each group, it was found that the EW group's pre and post-test scores were not significantly different in any measurement. Yet, the vBP group's post-test scores were significantly lower than pre-test scores for EDE-Q (r = .87) and BSI (r = .71) with large effect sizes. The post test scores of the vBP group was significantly higher than their pre-test scores for BIQLI (r = .63) and RSES (r = .58) with large effect. The results of the current study suggest that the virtual Body Project is effective for preventing eating disorders and can be used by professionals.
Intergenerational transmission of paternal early maladaptive schemas through intergenerational transmission of parenting styles
Early maladaptive schemas are proposed as to be shaped through frustration of core emotional needs during childhood and persist into adulthood by leading psychological and relationship problems. While early maladaptive schemas' associations with various psychopathologies and psychosocial variables are well established in the literature, intergenerational transmission of them has been studied rarely and existing studies mostly focused on mother-to-child transmission. The current study aims to examine schema transmission from fathers to children and focused on a specific schema domain, which is impaired limits and exaggerated standards. 172 families, i.e., fathers, mothers and their young adult children, participated to the study. While fathers and young adults completed Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3 (YSQ-SF3) and Young Parenting Inventory, mothers completed YSQ-SF3 to be used as a control variable. The results revealed that schema domain of impaired limits and exaggertaed standards of fathers is significantly associtaed with the same schema domain and disconnection and rejection schema domain of their children, and adverse parenting styles of fathers reported by their children mediate these relationships. In addition, it was revealed that adverse parenting styles of fathers' own parents are associated with impaired limits and exaggerated standards schema domain and disconnection and rejection schema domain of their children and in these relationships, impaired limits and exaggerated standards schemas of fathers and adverse parenting styles of fathers reported by their children are the mediating variables, respectively. Embodying psychosocial variables from three generations, the current study reveals different pathways for transmission of paternal schemas.
COVID-19 pandemisinin çocuklar üzerindeki psikolojik etkileri: Bioekolojik perspektiften bir inceleme
The current study aimed to examine the emotional and behavioral effects of the pandemic on children from the framework of bioecological theory. According to Bronfenbrenner's model, the study examined how the child's emotion regulation ability, which is individual differences, family protective factors in the microsystem and school-family relations in the mesosystem affect the child's emotional and behavioral problems during COVID-19. Two models were used: the first model examined the problems that existed before the pandemic and the second model examined the problems caused by the pandemic. It was predicted the effect of variables would increase as we move away from the child's distant environment, and all factors would negatively predict children's problems. 238 mothers with children aged between 4-11 years participated as informants for their children. Informants were asked to complete the Emotion Regulation Scale, Family Protective Factors Questionnaire, School Interaction Questionnaire, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and Parental Perception of the Emotional and Behavioral Effects of the Quarantine on Their Children in the online platform. According to the results of the study using hierarchical regression analysis, only emotion regulation predicted the problems that existed before the pandemic in model 1. In model 2, emotion regulation and family protective factors negatively predicted pandemic-related problems. School-family interaction did not have any effect on children's problems. The findings obtained provide important data on the effects and mechanisms of individual differences and environmental factors on problems that may arise in children especially in times of crisis and disasters.
Exploring psychosocial factors influencing maladaptive behaviors following the break-ups of romantic relationships
This study aimed to develop a comprehensive scale for assessing maladaptive behaviors following romantic break-ups and examine the experiences of university students in this context regarding psychological and relational factors with particular emphasis on the theoretical framework of Attachment Theory. A total of 512 university students aged 18-25, who experienced a break-up within the past year, participated in the study. Measures included the Perceived Relationship Quality Components, Attachment-Based Mental Representation Scale (ABMRS), Distress Intolerance Index (DII), and Complicated Grief Inventory- Relation and Post Break-up Maladaptive Behaviors Scale (PBMBS) explicitly developed within this study. The collected data were analyzed using various statistical techniques, including explanatory factor analysis (EFA), regression analysis, and mediation analysis. Results from the EFA revealed that the final version of the PBMBS consisted of 21 items across four constructs: Aggression Over Others, Dating and Sexual Act, Boundary Violation and Harassment, and Inclination to Pleasure and Denial with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of .83. Hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated that the increased elapsed time since the breakup, the higher scores of insecure attachment, and the Inventory of Complicated Grief, the lower scores of the Distress Intolerance Index, significantly predicted maladaptive behaviors following break-ups. Furthermore, the mediation analysis indicated a significant relationship between insecure attachment and post-break-up maladaptive behaviors, with distress tolerance mediating in this relationship. Overall, the study enhances understanding of post-break-up dynamics.
Intergenerational transmission of relationship-related obsessive compulsive symptoms: Roles of insecure attachment styles and perfectionism
Looking through literature, it has been determined that there are numerous studies on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), but relatively few on Relationship-Related OCD (ROCD) symptoms which have been added to the literature in a decade , and there are even no studies on the intergenerational transmission of relationship-related OCD symptoms. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of insecure attachment styles and perfectionism in the transmission of relationship-related obsessive-compulsive symptoms from mothers to offspring. The participants in the study consist of 139 late adolescents and mother dyads. The results revealed that both anxious attachment style and perfectionism, as well as avoidant attachment style and then perfectionism, played a serial mediating role in the relationship between parent-child-focused obsessive-compulsive symptoms and relationship-focused obsessive-compulsive symptoms. On the other hand, while the avoidant attachment style and then perfectionism had a serial mediating role in the relationship between parent-child-focused obsessive-compulsive symptoms and partner-focused obsessive-compulsive symptoms, it was found that anxious attachment style and perfectionism did not have a serial mediating effect on this relationship. The findings of the study were discussed through empirical data obtained from the literature. Based on attachment theory and techniques related to perfectionist tendencies, several v recommendations for therapeutic treatments aimed at the familial transmission of relationship-related obsessive-compulsive symptoms have been made.
Investigating the effects of self-distancing and processing mode on emotion regulation during self-reflection
This study investigated three proposed processes for reducing negative emotions during self-reflection. According to processing mode theory, adopting a concrete processing approach is effective in reducing negative affectivity. Self-distancing theory suggests that a combination of psychological distance and abstract processing serves to diminish negative affectivity. The construal-matching hypothesis posits that aligning the processing level of emotions with both the processing mode and psychological distance leads to a reduction in negative emotions. Notably, this study uniquely manipulated processing mode, self-distancing perspective, and construal level of emotions concurrently, a novel approach in research. A total of 231 emerging adults were randomly assigned to eight experimental conditions. Participants were instructed to recall an emotional memory based on their assigned condition, with subsequent measurement of their emotions. Reflection on the memory was then undertaken from either a self-distance or self-immersed perspective. Depending on their condition, participants focused on the "how" (concrete processing) or "why" (abstract processing) aspects of the event. The results revealed that the most significant decrease in negative emotions occurred when participants focused on the "why" aspects of the event, irrespective of their self-perspective and whether the event was associated with anger or guilt. Additionally, it was observed that during self-reflection, participants in the abstract processing condition utilized more insight and closure statements compared to those assigned to the concrete processing condition. Taken together, these findings underscore the pivotal role of the type of abstract processing employed during self-reflection in effectively reducing negative emotions.
Coparenting relationship and psychological symptom severity of adolescents: Within the theoretical framework of emotional security theory
The study aimed to investigate the relationship between specific dimensions of coparenting relationship and psychological symptom severity of adolescents within the theoretical frameworks of Emotional Security Theory. Mediation and moderated mediation models were tested for both parents. In the mediation models, it was expected that specific dimensions of coparenting relationship would predict emotional security, which, in turn, would be associated with psychological symptom severity of adolescents. In the moderated mediation models, it was expected that the significance of the indirect effect of coparenting relationship on psychological symptom severity of adolescents through emotional security would differ in accordance with the levels of emotional availability of parents. The sample consisted of 196 mother-adolescent and 175 father-adolescent dyads. Parents completed Coparenting Scale and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Adolescents completed Emotional Security Scale, Lum Emotional Availability of Parents (LEAP) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Mediation analysis revealed that coparenting conflict predicted the psychological symptom severity of adolescents through emotional insecurity. A noteworthy finding was the moderating effect of maternal emotional availability in this mediated effect. A low level of maternal emotional availability significantly moderated the relationship between coparenting conflict, emotional insecurity, and psychological symptom severity of adolescents. Conversely, this relationship was not observed at high level of maternal emotional availability. This study elucidates the deleterious role of emotional insecurity in predicting psychological symptom severity of adolescents within the context of coparenting conflict. Furthermore, it underscores the crucial protective function of heightened emotional availability of mothers for adolescents who experienced coparenting conflict.
Developing an online intervention program for prolonged grief disorder and testing its effectiveness with a randomized control trial
This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of an online grief intervention program for young adults who have experienced loss. A total of 46 individuals aged 18-25 were recruited using convenience sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental-group (N=23) or the control-group (N=23). In the pre-test phase, both groups completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Psychological Well-Being Questionnaire (PWBQ), PTSD Checklist (PCL-5), Grief and Meaning Reconstruction Inventory (GMRI), and Prolonged Grief Scale (PG- 13). The experimental-group underwent a 7-session intervention over 2 weeks, while the control-group was placed on a waiting list. After two weeks, the same measures were administered again as post-tests. The results showed no significant differences in pre-test scores between the experimental, control, and drop-out groups. Mixed MANOVA analyses revealed that the changes in participants' scores from pre-test to post-test were statistically significant at the levels of time, group, and the interaction between the two. The control-group showed no significant changes from the pre-test to the post-test. In contrast, the experimental-group showed significant reductions in PTSD (MDifference= 9.04, p=.00, CI 95% [3.05, 15.03]) and depression (MDifference= 9.47, p=.00, CI 95% [5.54, 13.41]) scores, as well as a significant increase in meaning- reconstruction (MDifference=-9.39, p=.00, CI 95% [-14.76-4.01]). However, there were no significant changes in PGD symptoms (MDifference= 0.30, p=.86, CI 95% [-3.29, 3.90]), and only a minimal increase in well-being scores (MDifference=-2.26, p=.13, CI 95% [-5.28, 0.76]). As a result of this study, it was concluded that the developed intervention program is promising, feasible, and can be further developed for future research.The theoretical background suggesting that the loss-oriented and confrontational nature of the intervention may explain these findings, along with the theories in the literature on this topic, has been discussed alongside empirical findings from other studies.
Intergenerational transmission of emotion regulation in the framework of the emotional cascade model through childhood emotional invalidation
The current study aimed to investigate the intergenerational transmission of emotion regulation in the framework of the Emotional Cascade Model through perceived childhood emotional invalidation. In this context, the mediating roles of perceived childhood emotional invalidation and emotional cascades (rumination, thought suppression, catastrophizing) in the association between the emotion regulation difficulties of parents and the dysregulated behaviors (excessive reassurance-seeking, drinking to cope, NSSI, bulimia symptoms) of emerging adults were investigated through serial mediation analyses. The participants in the study consist of 148 emerging adults and parent dyads. The results revealed that perceived childhood emotional invalidation and thought suppression serially mediated the relationship between emotion regulation difficulties of parents and excessive reassurance-seeking, drinking to cope, and NSSI behaviors of emerging adults. Further, perceived childhood emotional invalidation and then catastrophizing played a serial mediating role between parents' emotion regulation difficulties and emerging adults' excessive reassurance-seeking behaviors. On the other hand, it was found that perceived childhood emotional invalidation and rumination did not have a serial mediating effect between the emotion regulation difficulties of parents and any of the dysregulated behaviors of emerging adults.
Therapists' responses to grief at the initial sessions: A qual-itative observational study
This exploratory qualitative study aimed to examine how mental health profession-als emotionally and clinically respond to a patient presenting symptoms of Pro-longed Grief Disorder (PGD), a diagnosis recently included in the DSM-5-TR and ICD-11. The purpose was to investigate therapists' emotional experiences, their in-session responses, and their diagnostic reasoning when faced with a complex grief presentation, using a behavioral observation-based approach. In the first phase, par-ticipants completed a demographic and professional background form via Qualtrics. In the second phase, they participated in an online standardized simulated therapy session with one of two trained psychologists portraying a bereaved patient. In the third phase, therapists were interviewed by the primary researcher immediately fol-lowing the session, using a semi-structured format to explore their in-session experi-ences and diagnostic impressions. Reflexive thematic analysis identified twenty recurring therapist themes, grouped under four overarching categories: (1) Relational Holding and Narrative Formation, (2) Premature Directive Interventions Lacking Emotional Grounding, (3) Thera-pists' Defensive Self-Regulation, and (4) Therapists' Functional Collapse into Primi-tive Defenses. These categories reflected different relational and emotional stances adopted in response to the patient's grief. Diagnostic impressions varied considerably. Only 21.4% of participants labeled the case as PGD. The largest proportion 25% described it as a normal grief process, while others proposed major depression or a comorbid formulation. These findings highlight persistent diagnostic ambiguity and suggest that therapists may hesitate to pathologize grief. Emotional responses ranged from expected sadness, anxiety, and unease to feelings of identification, familiarity, empathy, and the desire to help. Keywords: Prolonged Grief Disorder, in-session responses, reflective thematic anal-ysis, therapist subjectivity, diagnostic ambiguity
The relationship between perceived helicopter parenting and non-suicidal self-injury in emerging adulthood: the mediating role of self-criticism and procrastination
The aim of this study was to find out how perceived helicopter parenting from mothers (HM) and fathers (HF) leads to non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in young adults by investigating cognitive and behavioral pathways. A total of 851 Turkish university students (74.8% female; M age = 21.3 years) participated in the Perceived Helicopter Parenting Attitude Scale, the Forms of Self-criticism/Reassurance scale (inadequate- self, hated-self, reassured-self), Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (procrastination subscale), and the Inventory of Statements About Self- Injury. Direct relations were evaluated using hierarchical multiple regression, while indirect pathways were assessed using serial mediation analysis in the 467 participants who reported NSSI. Results showed that HM predicted greater NSSI severity indirectly, primarily through increased feelings of an inadequate-self. The hypothesized serial pathway that included procrastination as a second mediator was not statistically significant. In contrast, HF significantly mediated NSSI through both a direct pathway through inadequate-self and a subsequent serial pathway involving procrastination. Unexpectedly, for individuals with higher self-reassurance, the association between HF and NSSI was stronger, suggesting a suppression effect. These findings emphasize the necessity of targeting self-critical cognitions and avoidance behaviors in preventative efforts, as well as the differences between HF and HM. In addition to family-based counseling, clinicians should use procrastination-reduction techniques and self-reassurance training to reduce the likelihood of NSSI.
Understanding the relationship between parental stress and psychosocial outcomes in siblings of children with special needs: The role of perceived expressed emotion
This thesis explores how parental stress relates to the psychological and behavioural outcomes of siblings of children with special needs. Specifically, it focuses on the mediating role of perceived expressed emotion, which reflects how siblings interpret their parents' emotional expressions. Data were collected from 154 families in Turkey, including mothers, fathers, and one sibling aged 11 to 18, through both online and physical forms. The constructs were assessed using the Parental Stress Scale (PSS), the Shortened Level of Expressed Emotion Scale (SLEES), and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire – Youth Form (SDQ). Two simple mediation models were tested separately for maternal and paternal stress using Hayes PROCESS Model 4. The findings revealed that higher maternal stress was associated with greater sibling psychosocial difficulties through increased perceived maternal expressed emotion. For fathers, the indirect effect through perceived expressed emotion was also significant, while the total and direct effects were not. However, when parental psychological symptoms were included as covariates, the indirect effects in both models became nonsignificant. These findings highlight the importance of emotional dynamics within the family system and draw attention to perceived parental emotion as a potential pathway linking parental stress to sibling adjustment.
Yetişkinlerde görülen kaygı düzeyleri ile erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
Bu araştırmanın amacı bilişsel bir risk faktörü olan erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar ile durumluk ve sürekli kaygı arasında bulunan ilişkiyi incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda erken dönem uyumsuz şemalar ile durumluk ve sürekli kaygı düzeylerine yönelik demografik özellikler incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemi ile yaşları 22-60 arası değişen 77 erkek 152 kadın olmak üzere 229 araştırma örneklemine Young Şema Ölçeği-Kısa Form-3 (YŞÖ-KF3) ve Durumluk Sürekli Kaygı Ölçeği (STAI I-II) ve demografik bilgi formu uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde IBM SPSS 26 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre "Zedelenmiş Özerklik ve Kendini Ortaya Koyma, Ayrılma ve Reddedilme, Zedelenmiş Sınırlar, Diğeri Yönelimlilik, Aşırı Tetikte Olma ve Bastırılmışlık" şema alanları ile durumluk ve sürekli kaygı arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Öte yandan en belirgin ilişkinin sürekli kaygı ile Zedelenmiş Özerklik ve Kendini Ortaya Koyma şema alanı arasında olduğu görülmüştür. Yapılan regresyon analizi sonucunda Zedelenmiş Özerklik ve Kendini Ortaya Koyma şema alanının yetişkin bireylerin durumluk kaygı düzeyini, Zedelenmiş Özerklik ve Kendini Ortaya Koyma şema alanı ile Aşırı Tetikte Olma ve Bastırılmışlık şema alanının yetişkin bireylerin sürekli kaygısı düzeyini pozitif yönde yordadığı bulgulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular literatür ışığında değerlendirilmiş ve tartışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Anksiyete, Durumluk Kaygı, Erken Dönem Uyumsuz Şema, Sürekli Kaygı.
Akciğer kanseri hastalarında travma sonrası gelişim, tekrarlayıcı düşünme örüntüleri, algılanan sosyal destek ve belirsizliğe karşı tahammülsüzlük belirtileri arasındaki ilişkiler
Bu çalışma akciğer kanseri hastalarında travma sonrası gelişim, tekrarlayıcı düşünme örüntüleri, algılanan sosyal destek ve belirsizliğe karşı tahammülsüzlük belirtileri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Dr. Suat Seren Göğüs Hastalıkları ve Cerrahisi Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesinde onkoloji polikliniğine kontrole gelen, akciğer kanseri hastası, 90 kişi araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Tamamı erkek olan 37-70 yaş aralığındaki hastalara ' Travma Sonrası Gelişim Ölçeği', 'Tekrarlayıcı Düşünme Ölçeği', 'Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği' ve 'Belirsizliğe Karşı Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği' ölçekleri uygulanmıştır. Hastalıkla ilgili değişkenlerin etkisini görmek amacıyla, çok yönlü varyans analizi, tek yönlü varyans analizi ve bağlantısız örneklem t testi uygulanmıştır. Değişkenler arası ilişkileri belirlemek için ise, korelasyon analizi ve aşamalı regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuçlara göre; evrenin travma sonrası gelişim puanı üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu bulunmuştur F (3,86) = 4.01, p<.05. Korelasyon analizi sonucunda travma sonrası gelişim toplam puanı ile algılanan sosyal destek ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük toplam puanı ve alt boyutları arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur (p<.01). Regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre travma sonrası gelişim üzerinde tek anlamlı değişken, algılanan sosyal destektir [β = .314, t (88) = 4.212, p < .01]. Bulgular literatür ışığında tartışılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Travma Sonrası Gelişim, Akciğer Kanseri, Algılanan Sosyal Destek, Ruminasyon.
Ergenlerde internet bağımlılığının çeşitli değişkenlerle ilişkisi
Bu çalışmanın temel amaçlarından biri internet bağımlılığı riski bulunan ve bulunmayan ergenleri empati, duygu düzenleme, duyguları ifade etme ve anne-baba ilişkileri açısından karşılaştırmaktır. Çalışmanın bir diğer amacı ise empati, duygu düzenleme, duyguları ifade etme ve anne-baba ilişkilerinin internet bağımlılığı üzerindeki yordayıcı etkisini tespit etmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çalışmanın örneklemini 415 lise öğrencisi ergen oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada katılımcıları değerlendirmek için Demografik Bilgi Formu, Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Ölçeği, Günüç ve Kayri İnternet Bağımlılık Ölçeği, İnternet Kullanım Fonksiyonları Ölçeği, Anababa Ergen İlişkileri Ölçeği, Temel Empati Ölçeği, Duygu Düzenlemede Güçlükler Ölçeği ve Duyguları İfade Etme Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, internet bağımlılığı riski bulunan ergenlerin bulunmayanlara göre daha fazla duygu düzenleme güçlüğü yaşadığı ve anne babalarıyla olan ilişkilerinin daha olumsuz olduğu bulunmuştur. Ancak, internet bağımlılığı riski bulunan ve bulunmayan ergenlerin empati ve duyguları ifade etme becerilerinde farklılık bulunmamıştır. Öte yandan, yapılan regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre anne-baba ilişkileri, duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve duygu ifadesinin internet bağımlılığını yordayıcı etkisinin olduğu bulunmuştur. Bulgular, ilgili literatür ışığında tartışılmıştır. Key words: Internet Addiction, Parent-adolescent Relationships, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation, Empathy, Emotional Expression
Genç yetişkinler için yönetici işlevlere odaklanan bilişsel davranışçı bir program geliştirme ön çalışması
Bu tez çalışmasının ilk amacı, yönetici işlevlerde sorun yaşayan genç yetişkinlere yönelik Bilişsel Davranışçı bir grup terapisi programı geliştirmek ve bunu bir ön çalışmayla deneyerek programa son şeklini vermektir. İkinci amacı ise geliştirilen bu program yardımıyla, yönetici işlevlerde sorun yaşayan genç yetişkinlerin yaşam kalitelerini arttırmak ve umutsuzluk düzeylerini azaltmaktır. DEHB tanısı almış, 18-30 yaş aralığında, duygu düzenleme, zaman yönetimi, planlama, düzenleme, problem çözme gibi konulardan en az birinde sorun yaşayan, 5'i kadın 5'i erkek toplam 10 genç yetişkin, katılımcı olarak tercih edilmiştir. Ancak Mental Retardasyon/Anlıksal Yetersizlik, Öğrenme Bozukluğu, Majör Depresyon, Bipolar Bozukluk ya da Madde ile İlişkili Bozukluklara dair ek tanısı olan genç yetişkinler bu çalışmanın dışında tutulmuştur. Tek grup ön test-son test desenine sahip bu çalışmada veri toplama araçları olarak, Brown Dikkat Eksikliği Bozukluğu Ölçeği-Yetişkin Formu (Brown DEBÖ-Y Formu), Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu'nda Algılanan Yaşam Kalitesi Ölçeği-Yetişkin Formu (DEHB-AYKÖ-Y Formu), Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği (BUÖ) ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Veri analizinde, eşleştirilmiş örneklemler t testi (paired sample t test) kullanılmıştır. Toplanan veriler SPSS 20.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, katılımcıların DEHB-AYKÖ-Y Formu'nun Psikososyal Uyum Alt Ölçeği puanları ile Brown DEBÖ-Y Formu'nun Düzenleme ve Harekete Geçme Alt Ölçeği puanları hariç diğer bütün ölçek ve alt ölçeklerden aldıkları öntest ve sontest puanları arasında araştırmanın lehine anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Bulgular literatür ışığında tartışılmıştır.
Ebeveynlerinde psikoz öyküsü olan ve olmayan şizofreni tanısı almış bireylerin zihin kuramı ve bilişsel işlevler açısından karşılaştırılması
Bu çalışmada öncelikli olarak ebeveynlerinde psikoz öyküsü olan ve ebeveynlerinde psikoz öyküsü olmayan şizofreni tanısı almış bireyleri bilişsel işlevler ve zihin kuramı açısından karşılaştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın diğer amacı ise şizofreni tanısı alan bireylerin bilişsel işlevlerini ve zihin kuramı becerilerini şizofreni tanısı almayan kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırmaktır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi İzmir Bozyaka Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Toplum Ruh Sağlığı Merkezi'nde tedavi gören, çalışmaya dahil edilme ölçütlerini karşılayan, ailesinde psikoz öyküsü olan ve olmayan 40'ar şizofreni hastasından oluşmaktadır. Kontrol grubu olarak hastalar ile benzer yaş, cinsiyet ve eğitim düzeyine sahip 40 sağlıklı birey ile çalışılmıştır. Araştırmada katılımcıların zeka düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla WAIS-R Yetişkinler İçin Zeka Ölçeği, bilişsel fonksiyonlarını ölçmek için İşitsel Üçlü Sessiz Harf Sıralaması Testi, Sözel Kelime Akıcılığı Testi, Stroop Testi TBAG Formu, Çizgi Yönünü Belirleme Testi ve Zihin Kuramı becerilerini değerlendirmek amacıyla da Zihin Kuramı Testleri uygulanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda ailsinde psikoz öyküsü olan şizofreni hastalarının hem bilişsel işlevler hem de ZK işlevleri açısından aile öyküsü olmayan şizofreni hastalarına göre daha kötü performans sergilediği görülmüştür. Ayrıca kontrol grubunun bütün testlerde deney grubundan daha yüksek puanlar aldığı bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular ilgili literatür sonuçları ile birlikte tartışılmıştır.
Young women's attitudes toward premarital sexuality in relation to depression and shame: An intergenerational perspective
The current study investigated intergenerational transmission of premarital sexual attitudes that is transferred from mothers to daughters considering the mediation effect of religiosity. Examining the depressive symptoms and feelings of shame among the young women was another goal of this study. In addition, perceived parenting attitudes which are maternal warmth, overprotection, and rejection by the young women were also investigated. The participants were consisted of 118 female emerging adults aged between 18-25 and who are students at a university in Istanbul and their mothers (N=236). The data were gathered through online self-report questionnaires. Correlational analysis, regression analyses, and a dyadic mediation analysis were conducted. The results demonstrated that young women's premarital sexual attitudes predicted their feelings of shame. Their levels of shame predicted their depressive symptoms. Young women's depressive symptoms predicted their perceived maternal warmth, overprotection, and rejection. Moreover, it is found that there is an intergenerational transmission of premarital sexual attitudes from mothers to their daughters. Lastly, young women's religiosity mediated this transmission, whereas mother's religiosity did not predict the daughter's attitudes toward sexuality before marriage. Keywords: Intergenerational Transmission, Premarital Sexuality, Religiosity, Depression, Shame
Relationship between prenatal depression, cognitive distortions, emotion regulation, and perceived social support
The primary purpose of this study is to examine whether depressive symptoms experienced by expectant mothers are related to perceived social support, emotion regulation, and cognitive distortions. In addition, the predictive effect of these variables on pregnancy depression was also investigated. The study showed that there is a relationship between depression and perceived social support, use of cognitive distortions, and expressive suppression but not reappraisal. Experiencing stressful life events, expressive suppression, and cognitive distortions were found to predict depressive mood in pregnant women. This research aims to shed light on the future therapy models that can be created for pregnant women.
The online and offline identities of influencers in the light of narcissistic personality traits, perfectionism and perfectionistic self-presentation
With the development of internet technology, social media influencers who have many followers have online identities that they reflect to their followers in addition to their real-life identities have emerged. The overall aim of the current study was to examine whether the identities that influencers reflect on social media deviate from their real-life identities or not. If there was a discrepancy between online and offline identities, this study also aimed to determine to what extent the narcissistic characteristics, perfectionism and perfectionistic self-presentation behaviors of the influencers relate to the difference between their online and offline identities. The data was collected through several questionnaires (the Sociodemographic Information form, the Big Five Personality Traits scale, the Narcissistic Personality inventory, the Hypersensitive Narcissism scale, the Multidimensional Perfectionism and the Perfectionistic Self-Presentation scale) filled out by 48 influencers. The results of this study indicated that there was a discrepancy between the online and offline identities of influencers' personality traits of openness, conscientious, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. As influencers' fragile narcissism increased, the difference between identities in conscientiousness and extraversion increased and the difference in neuroticism decreased. For perfectionism and self-presentation, positive relationships were found based on the subtypes of narcissism. However, the fact that the reliability values of the Five Factor Personality Scale, which was considered as one of the biggest limitations of the study, were extremely low, was of great importance when evaluating the results. Considering the reasons for low reliability values, discrepancy between the identities of influencers may be the unique dynamics of social media and the need for future studies to have a better understanding of these dynamics was discussed. Keywords: Social Media, Influencer, Identity, Narcissism, Perfectionism
Investigation of the relationship between cognitive distortions and sleep quality in adults in the moderate role of self-compassion
This study examined the relationship between cognitive distortions and sleep quality under the moderator effect of self-compassion. The sample of this study includes 229 adults over the age of 18 in Turkey. 161 females (70.3%) and 68 males (29.7%) participated in the study voluntarily. The average age of the sample was 29.83 (SD = 6.9) and ranged between 18 and 58 years. The participants were expected to complete the Demographic Information Form, the Self-Compassion Scale, the Cognitive Distortions Scale, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale. Several statistical tests have been conducted to see if there are significant relationships between self-compassion, cognitive distortions, and sleep quality. In order, these can be counted as Normality Tests, Pearson Correlation, Point Biserial Correlation, Linear Regression, One-Way ANOVA, Independent Sample T-Tests, Regression (Process Macro), and Chi-Square. According to the research results, cognitive distortions negatively affect sleep quality. In addition, increased self-compassion reduces cognitive distortions. Finally, increased self-compassion has been found to affect sleep quality positively. Keywords: Self-Compassion, Cognitive Distortions, Sleep Quality
COVID-19 kaygısı ve erken dönem uyum bozucu şemalar arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi
COVID-19 salgını, küresel çapta bir krize yol açarak ekonomik, sosyal ve ruh sağlığı alanlarında birçok probleme sebep olmuştur. Literatürden elde edilen bilgiler COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde ruh sağlığı alanında büyük bir hareketlenme olduğunu ve pandeminin psikopatoloji üzerinde büyük bir etkisi olduğunu göstermiştir. Bu araştırmanın amacı COVID 19 kaygısı ve erken dönem uyum bozucu şemalar arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi ve pandemi ile ilişkili olarak ortaya çıkan belirtilerin psikoterapi sürecinde çalışılmasının verimliliğini arttırmaktır. Araştırmada, 18 ila 56 yaş arası 240 katılımcı değerlendirilmiştir. Hipotezler, COVID 19 kaygısı ve erken dönem uyum bozucu şemalar arasında anlamlı bir ilişki gözlemlenmesidir. Sonuçlar, erken dönem uyum bozucu şemalar ve COVI D 19 kaygısı arasında anlamlı korelasyonlar göstermiştir. Bu sonuçlar COVID 19 kaygısının akut ve kronik belirtilerinde, erken müdahale ve psikoterapi sürecinde erken dönem uyum bozucu şemaların verimli bir araç olabileceğini göstermiştir.
The relationship between dating violence, internalized shame and self-esteem
This study aimed to examine the relationship between internalized shame, self-esteem and dating violence. Another aim of the study was to examine gender differences in dating violence and the frequency of dating violence. The sample of the study consisted of 311 participants aged 18 years and over, who had been in a romantic relationship before and were single. The data were collected through online questionnaires completed by the participants themselves. Demographic Information Form, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), Conflict Methods Scale-Revised Form (CMS-R), and Internalized Shame Scale (IHS) were used. Spearman Correlation Analysis, Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis statistical methods were used in the study. According to the findings of the study, there was no significant correlation between internalized shame and the sub-dimensions of victimization and perpetration to sexual dating violence, but it was found to be associated with all other sub-dimensions. Self-esteem was found to be associated with the sub-dimension of perpetrating sexual violence, while no significant relationship was found with the other sub-dimensions. According to the other findings of the study, it was found that the sub-dimensions of perpetrating psychological and physical dating violence and being exposed to physical and sexual dating violence differed according to gender. In addition, it was found that the sub-dimension of physical dating violence victimization differed according to internalized shame. The findings of the study were discussed within the framework of the relevant literature. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future studies are included in the related section.
Turkish fathers' involvement in childrearing: Its predictors and impact on children's socio-emotional development
The family's impact, especially parental roles, is undeniable in a child's developmental trajectory. However, research regarding the role of fathering still fell behind compared to impact of mothering. Thus, this study aimed to identify predictors of father involvement in childrearing, through aspects of father's self-efficacy, perceived maternal gatekeeping, paternal parenting style, and interpersonal emotion regulation within the Turkish population. The research also explores the predictive role of father involvement and its potential predictors' influence on children's social competence, internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Data was collected through demographic form, Father Involvement Scale (FIS), Maternal Gatekeeping Scale (MGS), Parenting Sense of Competence Scale - Father Form, Parents Attitude Scale (PAS), Interpersonal Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (IERQ), Social Competency and Behavior Assessment-30 (SCBA). The study sample included 192 fathers with a mean age of 38.03 (SD = 5.01), who have children aged between 3-6 (M = 4.41, SD= 1.06). Several hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine which variables better explain the father involvement and children's developmental outcomes. The results revealed that aside from father's interpersonal emotion regulation, all variables were statistically significant predictors of father involvement in childrearing. Particularly, father's self-efficacy emerged as the most salient factor among these. According to the findings, children's social competence was influenced by multiple factors including father involvement, father's self-efficacy, perceived maternal gatekeeping, paternal parenting style, and interpersonal emotion regulation. Internalizing behaviors of children were predicted by father involvement, perceived maternal gatekeeping behaviors and parental attitudes. For the externalizing behaviors, the only significant predictor was parental attitude. Findings can provide knowledge for preventive and interventional studies aimed at enhancing father involvement in childrearing and fostering child well-being.
Complex trauma in adults: Examination of somatization and mediation effect of dissociation and emotion dysregulation
The main aim of the study is to investigate the effects of Complex Trauma on adults living in Türkiye. For this aim, it is examined the relationship of complex trauma with somatization, dissociation and emotion dysregulation. The study sample consisted of 388 adults aged between 18 and 65 years (M=32.35, SD=10.117). 289 of the participants were female (74.5%), 97 of were male (25%) and 2 (0.5%) of the participants did not specify their gender. Demographic Information Form, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-33), Complex Trauma Inventory (CTI), Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES II), Somatization Scale and Difficulty in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-33) were employed to collect data. The hypotheses of the study were tested with T-test, Pearson Correlation and Hayes Process Macro analyses. Results indicated the relationship of complex trauma with somatization, dissociation, and emotion dysregulation. However, it has been confirmed that complex trauma predicts somatization, dissociation and emotion dysregulation. On the other hand, it is also shown that dissociation and emotion dysregulation have partial mediation effect in the relationship between complex trauma and somatization. These findings were discussed within the scope of the literature, and the contribution of the study to clinical practices are explained.
Surviving male partner violence in Turkey: Women's stories of powerlessness, empowerment, and recovery
Alternative to the psychopathology-oriented approaches on women's responses to male partner violence, research grounded on strength-based perspectives has contributed significantly to a better conceptualization of women's experiences of coping with and surviving violence. Much research in psychology, however, focused on intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects while neglecting the socio-structural determinants of leaving and empowerment. Integrating a feminist, multidimensional approach, the present study provides a contextualized framework of women's pre- and post-separation processes. As no previous studies in Turkey systematically examined women's leaving and post-separation experiences, this research also aimed to identify the processes shaped by the particular context of the country. The participants included 16 women survivors of male partner violence. Two in-depth interviews were conducted with each woman. The Constructivist Grounded Theory was used for the analysis. The results demonstrated the substantial effect of the degree of women's socio-economic power on their stay/leave decision-making and their experiences after separation, which indicated the complexity of sociocultural and structural factors in Turkey, incumbering women's escape and healing. The narratives also revealed nonlinear, coexistent processes that constituted women's unceasing struggle to survive disempowering circumstances in their lives, both before and after separation. While not reflecting an end to their distress, their efforts to resist violence and powerlessness, as strengthened by the relational and practical support available to them, were shown to evolve into a profound sense of well-being and empowerment. The results are discussed from the perspective of feminist intersectional approaches, and social/clinical implications in relation to the country context are presented.
Child well-being: The perspectives of children and their mothers
The primary aim of this study is to listen to children's conceptualizations of their well-being and to explore the commonalities and differences of subjective themes that they revealed. Secondly, this study investigates the wishes and expectations of the mothers from their children to understand how children are positioned in their minds and how they define well-being for their children in relation their own identities and experiences. 15 mother and children pairs from three different socio-economic groups were interviewed for these goals. Predetermined themes of the previous studies of child well-being were not asked directly in this study. Instead, children were interviewed with much less guidance. The method was to ask for "who what where" makes children feel good, has importance for them, and gives pleasure. Interviews continued according to the content participants brought. Children were motivated to enrich their expressions by drawing optionally. Mothers were asked separately what they prioritize for their children, what kind of gains they aim in their lives, and what was carried to their motherhood from their own childhood. Results showed that children of 10-12 ages have well-being experiences, significantly shaped by their relational space. Moreover, their relationality is impacted by maternal relational skills and experiences through the efforts mothers chose to invest during child rearing. Findings were discussed to show how the subjective standpoint of children has been developed in the axis of the transmission of maternal relational structure in the understanding of children's well-being.
Gender role attitudes, sex guilt, and sexual desire
This thesis study aimed to investigate the relationship between gender role attitudes, sex guilt, and sexual desire. This study included 273 participants between the ages of 18-50. The Revised Mosher Sex-Guilt Scale and the Sexual Desire Inventory-2 were translated into Turkish and used to measure sex guilt and sexual desire, respectively. The Gender Roles Attitude Scale was used to measure gender role attitudes. A demographic form was used to learn the demographic information of the participants. According to the findings of the study, there was a significant negative relationship between gender equality beliefs and sex guilt. Sex guilt was negatively associated with sexual desire. A significant positive relationship was found between gender equality beliefs and solitary sexual desire. According to these findings gender equality beliefs were associated with high solitary sexual desire. The conclusion has been reached gender equality beliefs are associated with low sex guilt and high solitary sexual desire. Additionally, research variables exhibited significant differences according to demographic variables such as age, relationship duration, gender, sex status, parental status education level and relationship status.
Alexithymia and personality aspects in patients with panic disorder and/or Major Depressive Disorder and the relationship between these aspects and the childhood traumas of the patients
The present study aims to understand the relationship between alexithymia and personality in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and/or panic disorder (PD) in the context of childhood traumas. The total sample of the study consists of 161 people. The patient group consists of 103 people, 50 with MDD, and 53 with PD. The control group consists of 58 healthy people. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated Form (EPQR-A), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were given to all participants. Results show that people in the patient groups have more alexithymic than the people in the control group. However, no differences were found between MDD patients and PD patients in terms of their alexithymia scores. In line with previous research, the correlational analysis revealed that there was a relationship between alexithymia and childhood trauma, MDD and childhood trauma, and neuroticism and childhood trauma in the patient groups. Keywords: Alexithymia, Major depressive disorder, Panic disorder, Childhood traumas, Personality
Attitudes towards emotional abuse in romantic relationships from a gender perspective
Emotional abuse is one of the most challenging forms of violence to define, and many individuals often unknowingly experience emotional abuse. Existing literature has found that individuals who have experienced psychological abuse tend to suffer from depression, low self-esteem, a decreased sense of autonomy, fear, and an increased risk of suicide. Current research indicates that physical abuse in romantic relationships is often accompanied by emotional abuse, supporting the idea that identifying emotional abuse is an essential factor in romantic relationships. On the other hand, studies on emotional abuse between partners in romantic relationships are limited. In this study, the attitudes of Turkish university students and individuals with university degrees or above towards emotional abuse were investigated. Gender differences were investigated. Additionally, the study examined whether the degree of emotional abuse was related to attitudes towards emotional abuse. In addition, it was also examined how the emotional abuse people were exposed to in romantic relationships differed according to gender. 272 people (66.2% women, 33.8% men) participated in the research. Demographics Form, Hypothetical Scenarios, and Follingstad's (2005) FPAS scale adapted to Turkish were used to collect data. Independent sample t test analysis was conducted to analyze the attitude scores of individuals. According to the findings of the research, the attitudes of female participants towards mild, moderate, and severe levels of emotional abuse varied from the attitudes of male participants. The scores of female individuals were found to be statistically higher. However, when looking at the experience dimension, no gender difference was found, and participants in both groups were found to have a certain amount of exposure. In hypothetical scenarios, there was no gender difference in attitudes towards emotional abuse, but male individuals stated that they were more exposed to this situation when the subject of the abuser was a woman. This study may be necessary in understanding and evaluating the prevalence of attitudes and experiences towards emotional abuse from a gender perspective. Key Words: gender differences, emotional abuse, psychological abuse, university students, Turkish culture
The differences between problematic and non-problematic exercise behavior groups in terms of eating attitudes, orthorexia, body appreciation, and social appearance anxiety
The aim of this study is to investigate eating attitudes, orthorexia, body appreciation and social appearance anxiety as predictors of exercise addiction and test the differences between the problematic exercise behavior group and the non-problematic exercise behavior group. The research sample consisted of people aged 18 and over who regularly exercise at least once a week. The demographic information form, Exercise Dependence Scale-21, Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ), Teruel Orthorexia Scale (TOS), Body Appreciation Scale (BAS), and Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) were applied. A total of 283 people (55.8% female; 44.2% male) who exercised participated in the study. The participants were between the ages of 18-74 and the average age was 32.81 years. To test the main hypotheses of the study, independent sample t-test were conducted, which showed that the mean levels of restrained eating and orthorexia nervosa between participants with problematic exercise behaviors and participants non-problematic exercise behaviors were significantly differed. Finally, stepwise regression analysis indicated that while orthorexia nervosa positively and significantly predicted exercise addiction scores, body appreciation negatively and significantly predicted exercise addiction. In the last part of the study, research findings were discussed in relation to the literature, limitations of the study and suggestions for future research were elaborated in detail. The study findings were discussed with clinical implications in mind. Keywords: Exercise addiction, Eating attitudes, Orthorexia, Body appreciation, Social appearance anxiety
Culture, ethnicity and mate choice
This psychological study investigates the relationship among culture, ethnicity, and mate choice. Employing surveys, the research uncovers the multifaceted relationship between related self, autonomous self, autonomous-related self, ethnicity, opposition to interethnic mating, and parental influence on mate choice. The findings reveal that the Armenian, Jewish, and Greek ethnic minority in the Turkish society show more parental influence on mate choice and opposition to interethnic mating than the ethnic majority which are people of Turkish origin. Also, Armenians show more opposition to interethnic mating than Greeks. Jewish people show less autonomous self than the Turkish, Armenian, and Greek people. However, ethnic groups do not differ in the other self-construals (related self and autonomous-related self). Furthermore, the study illustrates a positive correlation between opposition to interethnic mating and parental influence on mate choice, a negative correlation between autonomous self and parental influence on mate choice; between autonomous-related self and parental influence on mate choice; and between autonomous-related self and opposition to interethnic mating. On the other hand, the study finds no correlation (positive or negative) between parental influence on mate choice and related self, between opposition to interethnic mating and related self, and between opposition to interethnic mating and autonomous self. This research contributes to psychology by offering insights into the interplay between culture, ethnicity, and mate choice, calling for a nuanced understanding of family dynamics, their effects on individuals in clinical settings, and society. Keywords: Autonomy-relatedness, Ethnicity, Opposition to interethnic mating, Parental influence on mate choice
The correlations of disgust sensivity and obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms with some related sociodemographic variables in cases of vaginismus
Topics related to vaginismus cases have been the subject of many research studies. Based on existing research, it has been observed that patients with "Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder " (OCD) have low sexual satisfaction. There are also a considerable number of individuals with OCD symptoms in our country. Research has shown that there are many factors affecting the sexual lives of patients diagnosed with vaginismus, such as anxiety and depression.This research has several research questions; hypotheses were formulated based on demographic data of women diagnosed with vaginismus. Secondly, it is expected that individuals diagnosed with vaginismus will have greater degree of OCD symptoms (above 18 points according to the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory). Another hypothesis is that individuals with higher levels of "OCD symptoms"will also have increased level of disgust sensitivity. Can the high disgust sensitivity of patients diagnosed with vaginismus be another factor affecting their sexual lives? Similarly, can the presence of OCD symptoms in individuals with vaginismus also affect their sexual lives? This study is a quantitative study designed to investigate correlations and data will be collected through a questionnaire. The questionnaires were administered to 40 women diagnosed with vaginismus, aged between 18 and 70, evaluated by the same psychiatrist at Yeditepe University Hospital. The surveys were applied to women who applied to Yeditepe University sexual dysfunction clinic and were diagnosed with vaginismus."The Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory " (MOCI) was used to measure OCD symptoms, while the " Disgust Scale- Revised Form "(DS-R) was used to measure disgust sensitivity. According to normality analyses, the data in this study were not normally distributed and an analysis was made accordingly. According to the data collected in this study, significant relationships were found between OCD and disgust sensitivity. OCD scores were above 18 in more than half of the 40 participants. Although most results in this study are parallel to previous studies, there are differences in some of the results regarding demographic data.
Psychotherapy in culturally diverse Türkiye: A qualitative study of female Muslim clients' experiences
Turkey is a multicultural society. Successful assessment and treatment of Turkish clients require the knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of their unique cultural backgrounds. However, there is a dearth of research focusing on the experiences of psychotherapy clients of a particular cultural group who share unique values, beliefs, and norms. In a society that places significant importance on the differentiation between the secular and the religious, women who wear headscarves and openly display their religious affiliations form a unique cultural subgroup in Turkey. This study focused on the psychotherapy experiences of nine highly educated religious women. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with each participant in order to explore their lived experiences in psychotherapy, and they were analyzed following the principle of Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. As a result, five main themes emerged: 1) Standing against Headwinds, 2) Apprehensions, 3) In Search of the Tailwind - the Right Therapist, 4) Elephant in the Room: Shared Values, and 5) Change of Wind: Indigenous Approach to Psychotherapy. The participants shared traumatic experiences associated with being a woman wearing a Muslim headscarf in secular society, including unpleasant encounters with psychotherapists. They expressed strong concerns that therapists would not understand, judge, and misdirect them. Thus, finding the right therapist who shares the same values was a particularly important theme for them. The shared values with their therapists have been highly effective in fostering trust and developing a positive and strong therapeutic relationship. The study's findings offer valuable insights for mental health professionals, particularly when working with religious clients. Keywords: Therapist-clients cultural match, Shared values, Devout Muslim clients, Headscarf, Indigenous psychotherapy
The investigation of the mediating roles of self-compassion and emotion regulation difficulties in the relationship between eating behaviors and attachment styles
This thesis study aims to investigate the mediating roles of emotion regulation difficulties and self-compassion in the relationship between attachment styles and disordered eating behaviors. The findings from this study are expected to provide a new perspective on understanding the relationship between disordered eating behaviors and attachment styles, thus making a significant contribution to the limited literature. This study included a total of 250 participants, consisting of 125 women and 125 men, aged between 18 and 74. Relationship Scales Questionnaire, Self-Compassion Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire were used in the study. The findings of the study indicate that preoccupied and fearful attachment styles predict emotional eating and this relationship is mediated by emotion regulation difficulties and self-compassion. Accordingly, high emotion regulation difficulties and low self-compassion play a statistically significant mediating role in emotional eating associated with preoccupied and fearful attachment styles. The results highlight the need to consider multiple factors in research on disordered eating behaviors and in the development of treatment programs. Keywords: Attachment, Eating behavior, Emotion regulation difficulties, Self-compassion
The investigation of the relationship between attitude toward death, psychosocial stages of development and defense mechanisms in adults
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between attitudes towards death, psychosocial development and defense mechanisms of adults living in Turkey. In order to find these associations between the variables, Death Attitude Profile - Revised (DAP-R), Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ-40) and Modified Erikson Psychosocial Stages Inventory (MEPSI) were given to the participants of the study. Sample of this study consists of 218 individuals (175 female, 42 male, 1 other) who are older than the age of 18. The results of the study indicated correlational relationship between defense styles, psychosocial ego development and death attitudes. It is also found that defense styles significantly predict some factors of attitudes towards death. Distinctly than the previous research, psychosocial development is not found to predict any of the death attitudes. The outcomes of this study are expected to contribute to the literature of death studies in terms of clinical interventions.
Personal and vicarious traumatization and trauma-related symptoms: Exploring the moderating role of mentalization
Years of trauma research revealed that consequences of traumatic events are dependent on many factors. Regardless of its severity or age of onset, traumatic events may lead to mental health problems. The most challenging aspect of traumatic experiences is often found to be the difficulty in comprehending these events and integrating them meaningfully within one's life narrative. Thereby, it is hypothesized that one's ability to reflect upon their inner and outer experiences, i.e., one's capacity to mentalize, could mitigate the negative effects of trauma on individuals. Accordingly, this study examined the relationship between personal or vicarious traumatic experiences of adults working with traumatized individuals and their posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Whether or not mentalization capacity moderated these relationships were investigated. For this purpose, information about experienced personal and vicarious trauma (using the Cumulative Trauma Scale-Short Form), PTSS (using Impact of Event Scale-Revised) and mentalization capacity (using the Mentalization Scale) were collected from 130 participants who were primarily psychologists and social workers. While the results supported the negative relationship between personal trauma and PTSS, no significant relationship was found between vicarious trauma and PTSS. Mentalization did not have a moderating effect, although individuals with more motivation to mentalize were found to be less affected by trauma compared to individuals with less motivation. Lastly, ongoing therapy and supervision were protective factors in this relationship. The meaning of these findings is discussed in the context of Turkey, where traumatic life events are frequently experienced, and regarding the importance of mentalization-based therapeutic interventions.
The role of anger, alexithymia and pain severity in fibromyalgia syndrome
The goal of this study is to explore the roles of anger, alexithymia, and pain severity in fibromyalgia syndrome. 97 participants, including 32 diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome, 30 diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis, and 35 healthy individuals as a control group were involved in the study. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), Anger Rumination Scale (ARS) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were employed in the data acquisition. The study found a significant disparity in alexithymia levels between the rheumatoid arthritis and fibromyalgia groups. Fibromyalgia patients showed enhanced levels of alexithymia compared to rheumatoid arthritis patients. However, no differences in fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls regarding alexithymia scores were found. No differences were found between fibromyalgia patients and rheumatoid arthritis in terms of anger suppression. Similarly, no differences were found between fibromyalgia patients and healthy controls in terms of anger suppression. The study found a substantial difference in anger rumination levels between the two groups, with fibromyalgia patients showing higher levels than both rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy individuals. The correlation between alexithymia levels, anger rumination, and suppressed anger with pain severity did not achieve statistical significance.
Anger experiences of psychotherapists who work with trauma
Individual psychotherapy practices have two-person dynamics as their base principle. Within this base, psychological and sometimes quite emotional interactions occur. Like other emotions, anger can arise in therapeutic relationships. However, unlike natural human interactions, in psychotherapy, therapists are expected to suppress the reflection of their anger to a professional degree while maintaining their emotions. This situation involves a conflict with the therapist's natural experience of emotion and their role as a mental health professional. Especially while working with trauma, psychotherapists' experiences of anger might become more challenging and if cannot attended to may negatively affect the outcome of the therapy. So far in clinical literature, there has been little research done about trauma therapists' anger experiences in therapy. In this thesis study, I collected qualitative data from seven experienced clinical psychologists by conducting interviews about their emotional encounters at their work. All participants were working at or involved with psychological support centers that are open to clients with a traumatic history. The gathered data were analyzed through Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The observed themes regarding therapists' anger point to three main objects of anger: perpetrators, clients, and therapists' selves. Participants' handling ways of anger in sessions is analyzed depending on who the anger belongs to in the therapy. Additional themes regard feelings associated with anger, and therapists' forms of support in working through anger after sessions.