İngiliz romanı
55 theses under this subject heading
İngiliz edebiyatında sömürgecilik ve kölelik: Aphra Behn'in Oroonoko veya Soylu Köle romanı örneği
Bir metnin sosyolojik açıdan okunması diğer okuma biçimleriyle kıyaslandığında daha avantajlı gözükmektedir. Yazar, eser, okur ve ilk üç bileşeni kapsayan toplum öğesi sosyolojik okuma sürecinde önemli faktörlerdir. Sosyal teorilere dayalı diğer okuma biçimleri bazı sınırlılıklara sahipken sosyolojik okuma, araştırmacılara daha geniş bir perspektif sunar.Bu çalışmada, Aphra Behn'in ?Oroonoko veya Soylu Köle? romanını, sosyolojik imgelemin bütüncül perspektifiyle okunması amaçlanmıştır. Behn'in eseri, sömürge edebiyatının birçok arketipini bünyesinde barındıran bir metin olarak, bir süreliğine İngiliz Edebiyatı'nda soylu vahşinin ilk sunumu; sömürgecilik karşıtı, kölelerin serbest bırakılması ve azat edilmesini destekleyen ilk roman olarak okunmuştur. Zamanla eleştirel bir okur grubu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu grup, metine dair sahip olunan bu tür algıların ve rutin okumaların sarsılmasına ve gizemli noktaların açığa çıkarılmasına çalışmıştır. Bu çalışma da rutin okumaları sarsarak; bütüncül kavrayışını Edebiyat Sosyolojisinden alan kendi perspektifiyle benzer bir ideale hizmet eder.Bu çalışma kapsamında toplum ve edebiyat ilişkisine dair bazı konular ve kavramlar tartışılmıştır. Tarihsel arka plan dâhilinde ?kölelik, sömürgecilik, şarkiyatçılık, ırkçılık? gibi bazı kavramlar tanımlanmaya ve anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. ?Sömürgeciliğin ve Köleliğin Meşruiyeti? kölelik ve sömürgeciliğe dair muğlak bir meselenin açıklığa kavuşturulması açısından tüm bu konular içerisinde en önemli olanıdır. Shakespeare'den Defoe'ya sömürge edebiyatının ortaya çıkışı da tartışılmıştır. Behn'in sosyal statüsü, ideolojisi, eğitimi, arkadaş çevresi, ailesi, mesleği, medeni durumu ve hayatındaki değişimler de analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Sosyolojik biyografisinin yanı sıra metindeki retoriği de çözümlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Son bölümde Behn'in eseri, kölelik ve sömürgecilik yönünden incelenmiştir. Sömürgecinin ve sömürülenin portreleri çizilmeye çalışılmıştır.Bu çalışma sonucunda, Behn'in metninin kölelerin azat edilmesinden yana olmadığı ve sömürgecilik karşıtı olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Metin, karakterlerin köleleriyle olan ilişkileri açısından okunduğunda Behn'in söyleminde iki tür sömürgecilik modeli çözümlemek mümkün gözükmektedir. Birisi, Behn tarafından desteklenmekte diğeri ise eleştirilmektedir. Behn, şiddetle yönetilen ve işkenceye uğrayan kölelere sempati duyarken bir yandan da bünyesinde şiddet ve işkence olmayan yeni bir kölelik ve sömürgecilik paradigması kurmaya çalışmaktadır. Behn, okurlarına kölelerine asla eziyet etmeyen onları şiddet olmaksızın yöneten bazı karakterler ve aynı zamanda kölelerine tam tersi yönde muamelede bulunan bazı karakterler tanıtmaktadır. Bu mevzudaki temel sorun şudur: Gerçek hayatta şiddet olmaksızın var olan böyle bir sömürgecilik modelini görmek mümkün müdür? Sömürgecilik tarihine baktığımızda böylesi bir sömürgeciliğin daha önce var olmadığını görebiliriz. Öyleyse Behn, sömürgecilik ve köleliğe dair ütopik bir teori kurmaktadır. Böylece retoriğiyle yanılsamalar üretmekte ve plantasyon sahiplerinden oluşan yönetici sınıfı desteklemektedir. Fakat Behn, bunu yaparken (sömürgecilik ve köleliğe duyulan) nefretin yönünü zenginler sınıfının mensuplarından aşağı sınıf üyelerine çevirmek için bazı karakterleri nesneleri olarak kullanmaktadır.Behn'in barbar karakterlerinin de üst sınıfa ait olmaları gerçeğine rağmen, tutumları ve ahlaki değerleri Behn tarafından aşağı sınıfla ilişkilendirilmektedir. Bu çelişkide Behn'in görevi nedir? O, ürettiği yanılsamalar sayesinde, kendini beyaz sömürgeci ve sömürülen siyah nesne arasındaki barış elçisi olarak takdim eder. Behn'in metninde şiddetten ve işkenceden arındırılmış yeni bir sömürgecilik modeli sunulmaktadır. Böyle olsa bile, bütün köleler Behn'in gözünde aynı değere sahip değildir. Oroonoko, Behn için soyluluğu ve Avrupalılaştırılmış olduğu için değerlidir. Bununla birlikte romanın sonunda irrasyonel bir köleye dönüşecek ve eşinin canına kıyacaktır. Hikâyenin sonlarına doğru Behn'in soylu vahşiye dair fikirleri de değişecektir. İlk bakışta kölelere sempati duymasına rağmen, eserinin retoriğinde şarkiyatçı, ırkçı ve sömürgeci tutumlarını okumak mümkündür.
Romantic and Realistic foundations of detective fiction: A comparative study of Edgar Allan Poe and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
The concrete objective of this study is to comprehend and analyze the historical flourishing and social contexts of the rise and the reasons of this rise of the genre of detective fiction in 19th century England through tracing and examining the appearance, construction, improvement and changing nature of this genre in this century.It attempts to be a comparative analysis between two different authors and some of their works. The authors are: Edgar Allan Poe, who is considered as the father figure in the early nineteenth century and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle as the follower of Poe in the late Victorian Era, which is the era of scientific and industrial advances. The present thesis focuses on detective fiction as a literary genre, investigates the concept, the origins and historical process of developing of the genre of detective fiction in the nineteenth century through making a critical comparison between Poe, who stresses on the the examination of emotions and employing imagination and Doyle, who stresses on scientific reasoning and the method of deduction. Edgar Allan Poe gave birth to the genre of detective story telling, popularized through his character Auguste Dupin; who is considered as the first detective character to exhibit the disciplines of deduction and logical thinking in unravelling the mysteries and crimes that plague society; Conan Doyle?s fictional detective character, well-known Sherlock Holmes, also displayed analogous characteristics.The intention of this research is to analyze how Poe in his Dupin tales and Doyle in his Sherlock Holmes stories reflected the Romantic and Realistic foundations of the nineteenth century detective fiction tradition.Keywords: Detective, Realistic, Detective Fiction, Romantic, The Victorian Era.
The anti-militarist attitude of Virginia Woolf as a step that shapes her perception of feminism
The concrete aim of this thesis is to examine the debatable understanding of feminism of Virginia Woolf who was one of the most important woman writers of the 20th century and to analyze her anti-militarist attitude that constituted almost the core of her perception of feminism.The feminist conception of Virginia Woolf is found inconsistent and paradoxical because she sometimes carried out work supporting the feminist movement but she usually expressed her feelings against feminists. The matter stressed in the study is that Woolf did not only support the feminist ideology to prove women?s existence in the patriarchal society, but substantially upheld it to emphasize the great importance of women to prevent war. In the first chapter of our study, we touch upon the 20th century in which Virginia Woolf lived and the events that left a mark on the period by stressing especially the world wars. Besides, such prominent ideologies of the century as militarism, anti-militarism, feminism and anti-militarist feminism are put across. In the second chapter, the life of Virginia Woolf is examined within the frame of her experiences that prompted her to be a feminist and an anti-militarist. This chapter also includes how Woolf?s feminist and anti-militarist reflections redounded on some of her works. In the third chapter, Three Guineas, in which Virginia Woolf frankly exhibits her anti-militarist feminist attitudes, is analyzed. In the conclusion, it is deduced that the phenomenon of war, which took an important place in Woolf?s life and is clearly represented in her works, shapes her perception of feminism. Moreover, Woolf made use of feminist ideology as a method to prevent war.Keywords: Anti-militarism, Anti-militarist Feminism, Feminism, Militarism, Patriarchal Society, Three Guineas, War.
The narrative strategies and temporal experiments in Martin Amis's Time's Arrow And London Fields
In the realm of contemporary literature, the narrative landscape continues to evolve, giving rise to an amalgamation of forms that challenge traditional storytelling conventions. In this context, the works of acclaimed British novelist Martin Amis stand out for his idiosyncratic style, which might be aptly described as a hybrid form of postmodernism. Characterized by its skepticism towards grand narratives, self-reflexivity, and bold experimentation with form and language, Amis's writing transcends traditional boundaries and embraces the multifaceted nature of the postmodern aesthetic. In this context, with a focus on Amis's groundbreaking novels Time's Arrow (1991) and London Fields (1989), this thesis embarks on a compelling exploration of his narrative strategies and temporal experiments within the framework of his distinct hybrid postmodernism. Through the analysis of these techniques, the thesis aims to shed light on the innovative techniques used and their implications for narrative construction and the boundaries of storytelling.
The role of speech and thought presentation in the comprehension and appreciation of English prose fiction
This study aimed at investigating the effect of speech and thought presentation on the comprehension and appreciation of English prose fiction. With this aim in mind, 42 (forty two) third year students from English Language Teaching Department of Çukurova University were chosen as participants, and they were submitted firstly a questionnaire in which their reading habits (both in Turkish and English) were questioned. In this questionnaire, the participants? self image of themselves as to being a good reader of Turkish and English Literature were also investigated. After this questionnaire, the participants were presented three different tasks based on each of the six extracts (taken from five novels and one short story) in which their comprehension and appreciation of the extracts were probed in relation to the point of view and speech and thought presentation modes encompassed in those extracts. While the first task focused on the general understanding of the extract and the point of view of it, the second extract asked the participants to identify whose point of view (perspective) is expressed in each sentence (totally 27 sentences in each extract). The third task comprises of 18 (eighteen) questions the locus of which is on the comprehension and appreciation of the extracts. In addition to the questionnaire and those three tasks, the researcher had the opportunity to interview with some participants- since the tasks were distributed one at a time- in order to clarify the answers they had written. As a result of the data collection process, the obtained data were analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively.The results of this study present in-depth insights into how non-native speakers of English (Turkish speakers in this study) are affected by the speech and thought presentation modes in English prose fiction. In addition, it provides implications for English Language Teaching context in order to overcome the difficulties the participants experienced.Keywords: Narratology, Speech and Thought Presentation, Point of View, English Prose Fiction, Comprehension, Appreciation, Reading Habits.
Toplumsal cinsiyet algısının 19. yüzyıldan günümüze dönüşümü (?): Gurur ve Önyargı ve Bridget Jones'un Günlüğü örneği
Bu araştırmanın amacı, toplumsal cinsiyet algısının tarihin farklı dönemlerinde ki durumlarının incelenmesi ve karşılaştırmalarının analizinin yapılmasıdır. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda birbirlerinden yaklaşık iki yüzyıl arayla yazılmış iki roman olan, Jane Austen'ın Gurur ve Önyargı isimli eseri ve Helen Fielding'in Bridget Jones'un Günlüğü isimli eseri seçilmiştir. Bridget Jones'un Günlüğü isimli roman, klasik bir eser olan Gurur ve Önyargı isimli romanın yeniden yazım (rewriting)'ı olarak bilinmektedir. Klasik edebiyat alanında sesi duyulmayan kadın karakterlerin kendi bakış açılarıyla sesi olmak isteyen kadın yazarlar tarafından sıkça tercih edilen yeniden yazım tekniği, feminist edebiyat için önemlidir. Her iki eserin yazıldığı yıllarda kadınların durumu ve eserlerin olay örgüsü boyunca toplumsal cinsiyet farkları ve eşitsizlikleri baz alınarak değerlendirilmiş olan karşılaştırma, toplumsal cinsiyet algısının yıllar içinde iyileşme gösterip göstermediği sorusunun yanıtının bulunmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Araştırmanın metodunda, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olan doküman analizi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan inceleme sonucunda, kadınların durumunun ve toplumsal cinsiyet normlarının gösterdiği değişimin köklü olmadığı görülmüştür.
Postmodern characterization in contemporary British novel as reflected in D. M. Thomas's The White Hotel and John Fowles's Mantissa
The concept of character is quite a problematic term in postmodern fiction since postmodern texts overtly subvert and transgress the conventions of characterization of the novels of previous ages. In relation to the paradoxical and ambiguous nature of postmodernism, character undergoes a radical transformation in postmodern fiction, and it cannot be pinned down with regards to the conventions of characterization. The character in postmodern fiction becomes a site where the text reverberates the epistemological and ontological concerns postmodernism rests upon. Thus, postmodern problematization of such contentious concepts as self, identity, essence, history writing, fiction, and fact is carried out and presented through postmodern characterization in the novel genre. As such, this thesis analyzes D M. Thomas's The White Hotel and John Fowles's Mantissa to lay bare how postmodern fiction employs characterization. It aims to exemplify how postmodern fiction is deprived of characters in the conventional sense. As a result, this thesis examines how postmodern character is utilized in the employ of postmodern themes and techniques, and it shows how postmodern fiction establishes its own conventions of characterization. Keywords: postmodernism, postmodern fiction, postmodern character, D.M. Thomas, John Fowles, The White Hotel, Mantissa.
Analysing the master and servant dialectic in Charles Dickens' the Pickwick Papers and Little Dorrit
The Victorian Age (1837-1901) is the period in which Britain witnesses such contradictory novelties as the economic and industrial development of the country, the conversion of the country to the empire, and a strict class division between the middle class and the working class. All these changes find a place in the works of British authors, especially in the works of Charles Dickens (1812-1870), one of the most prominent writers of the Victorian Age. In his works, particularly in The Pickwick Papers (1836-7) and Little Dorrit (1855-7), the class division becomes a big part of fiction. In both of these works, Dickens reflects the lives of the characters in terms of the master and the servant relationship. The aim of this thesis is to analyse Dickens' two novels in the light of Hegel's Master and Servant Dialectic. This dialectic has two distinct manifestations in these novels: the mutual recognition of the master and the servant in The Pickwick Papers and the dual role of the master in Little Dorrit. In order to do so, a panorama of Victorian Britain in the 1830s and the 1850s is given so that the effect of the different time-spaces of the novels could be better understood. This thesis concludes that Charles Dickens portrays and represents Hegelian Master and Servant Dialectic in The Pickwick Papers and Little Dorrit and argues that these portrayals are different from one another. Keywords: Charles Dickens, The Pickwick Papers, Little Dorrit, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Industrial Revolution, Victorian England, Master and Servant Dialectic.
Poverty and child abuse in Charles Dickens's novels: Oliver Twist, Hard Times, and David Copperfield
The Industrial Revolution had a great impact in the nineteenth century England. It changed various things in the country, especially the living and working conditions of its people. It was an advantage for the economy in Victorian England as there was a progress in the production due to the free market economy. The level of inequality between the classes increased. While the wealthy became wealthier as a consequence of the progress in the production, the condition of the poor worsened. It was the time for mechanical trade in factories. The working-class was trying hard to get used to the long and tiring working hours. Although they worked so hard, they could not earn enough to make their living. As a result of this, the children of the poor, no matter how young they were, had to work for long hours too, to earn only a few shillings. The child labour increased consequently because they were in need. Cheap labor was something that the industrialists could not refuse. Child abuse was not only in factories but it was also in most of the schools in that period. Some children suffered from the dominance of factory owners while the others suffered from the discipline of the educators who abused their power on the children. Charles Dickens, in Oliver Twist, Hard Times, and David Copperfield, reflects the bad conditions of the working-class and child abuse in this period. The aim of this thesis is to analyze Dickens?s three novels in the light of Marxist criticism and New Historicism.Key words: Poverty, Child abuse, Industrial Revolution, Oppression.
Bildungsroman experience of secondary worlds of Neil Gaimanand Diana Wynne Jones' fantasy literature
This thesis has demonstrated the formation the Bildungsroman genre has gone through as a result of its convergence with the fantasy literature, which allowed the genre to portray the coming-of-age stories in a supernatural setting. Traditionally, Bildungsroman has been observed as a realistic genre however, with the contemporary popularity of the fantasy genre and as a means to comment on and depict "Bildung" in the contemporary world, this thesis has underlined Bildungsroman has resorted to fantasy. Looking at the examples of their convergence, the thesis has observed a generic mixture of the two genres, naming it "Fantastic Bildungsroman." To this end, the thesis has studied both Bildungsroman and fantasy genres in-depth, and The Graveyard Book by Neil Gaiman and Howl's Moving Castle by Diana Wynne Jones have been chosen as the primary texts that portray the convergence of both genres. With the help of these novels many Bildungsroman elements have been observed in fantasy texts and these elements have been analysed to point out how the supernatural contributes to the coming-of-age stories. Fantasy, as the literature of subversion, is explained as a deconstructive force and through the supernatural elements, the expectations from the Bildungsroman genre have been observed to shift with its convergence to fantasy. It has been reflected that both Gaiman and Jones have used fantasy to comment upon coming-of-age stories and subvert the norms of Bildungsroman to broaden the boundaries of the genre so that it can portray a wider range of development stories. It has been stated that "Bildung" also occurs in the "Secondary Worlds" of fantasy and the supernatural elements can provide highly developing experiences.
Technologies of domination and the self in Briefing for a descent into hell by Doris Lessing
This study aims to present that by deconstructing rational/irrational binary opposition in Briefing for a Descent into Hell (1971), Doris Lessing reaches out Foucauldian technologies of domination and technologies of the self that constitute the subject. In the novel, Lessing draws the picture of the modern man of 1960s in England, who is surrendered by the technologies of domination, by means of the protagonist Charles Watkins and accepted as mentally ill. Via Watkins and the other so-called insane characters, the areas such as psychiatry, archaeology and education which constitute the individual with the dualisms of rational/irrational, civilized/uncivilized and normal/abnormal are exposed to the arrows of criticism. The anthropocentric Western episteme that divides and classifies via hierarchal structures has gotten farther from the ancient culture's technologies of the self—the art of existence—and it has forced the individual to self-fragmentation with the help of the established scientific knowledge. While Foucault accepts that against the technologies of domination, the technologies of the self enable the individual constitute herself/himself free from social norms and dominant structures, similarly Lessing tries to find out the ways for that kind of freedom which uses the realm of the irrational as a way out. Therefore, Lessing's assertion of the irrational intercepts with the Foucauldian madness and parallels to Jungian psychology and Sufism as the technologies of the self. In this sense, basically within the concept of madness, this study examines the technologies of domination and the technologies of the self that construct the subject in Lessing's Briefing for a Descent into Hell.
The ethics of memory in Kazuo Ishiguro's The Buried Giant
This study aims to examine Kazuo Ishiguro's The Buried Giant (2015) in the light of the ethics of memory which has become a significant matter of debate especially after the disastrous crimes of the twentieth century. While traumatic memories constitute the subject matter, how individuals and societies need to remember the past or whether they are obliged to remember the past to comprehend sufferings of the earlier generations have appeared as important questions that are related to the field of the ethics of memory. In the novel, Ishiguro depicts a world of oblivion where all the atrocities of the past are erased by a forgetting mist which covers personal and collective past of individuals and communities. Set in aftermath of a genocide in post-Arthurian Britain, the novel paves the way for analysing the loss of memory and the struggle to remember the past from the perspective of the ethics of memory. In this sense, by analysing Ishiguro's The Buried Giant –which deals with the nature of remembering and forgetting– in terms of its relation to the ethics of memory, this study reveals the novel presents that remembering the past without feeling hatred and revenge after a process of confrontation/carefrontation is the moral way of memory making and memory work.
Chris Cleave'in Küçük Arı adlı eserinde çokkültürlülük ve ötekilik teması
Bu çalışmanın amacı, sömürgecilik sonrası dönemin doğal bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan göçlerin ardından, toplumsal uyum çerçevesinde tartışılan bir olgu olan çokkültürlülük kavramını ve göçmenlerin maruz kaldığı ?öteki? muamelesinin etkilerini Chris Cleave'in Küçük Arı adlı eseri bağlamında incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda çokkültürlülüğün ortaya çıkışı ve çeşitli bakış açılarından tanımları üzerinde durulmuştur. Aynı zamanda ?ötekilik? kavramı da anlam ve etkileriyle incelenmiştir.Çalışmada, olayların yaşandığı İngiltere ve Nijerya, sömüren ve sömürülen ülkeler olarak kısaca betimlenmiş ve ardından tüm bu özellikler eser bağlamında tekrar ele alınmıştır. Bir taraftan modern hayatın bunaltıcı temposunda koşuşturan bir İngiliz kadının hayat tarzı ve hassas düşünceleri, öte taraftan sömürülen ülkesinden kaçıp İngiltere'ye sığınarak, burada bir göçmenin karşılaşabileceği birçok olumsuz durumla mücadele etmek zorunda kalan Nijeryalı küçük bir göçmen kızın yaşadıkları ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. Günümüzde üzerinde birçok tartışmanın yapıldığı çokkültürlülük, sömürgecilik sonrası, ötekilik, göç, modern hayat, postmodernizm gibi kavramlar eserden örnekler verilerek tanımlanmıştır. Son olarak eserdeki olaylar neden sonuç ilişkisi içinde değerlendirilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Çokkültürlülük, Ötekilik, Göç, Göçmen, Sömürgecilik Sonrası
Magical realism: A path to a new Chicana identity in Ana Castillo's so far from god
This thesis aims to examine reflections of magical realism in Ana Castillo's So Far From God (1993). Magical realism has developed as a branch of postmodernism in the 20th century and after the 'boom' of Latin American literature, it has been started to be widely used all over the world as postmodernism has improved. As magical realism aims to decenter the privileged powers of the society and become the voice of the other, postcolonial, deconstructive and feminist criticism theories have been generally applied to the works written in this narrative mode. In this respect, magical realism has attracted the attention of Chicana feminist authors and has been often employed by them. In this thesis, magical realism will be examined in So Far From God in relation to deconstructive, feminist and Jung's archetypal criticism theories. The work is a typical example of magical realism in terms of the supernatural and mysterious events, cultural deconstruction of old myths and the struggle of the female against the patriarchal society and dominant Catholic Church. To form a new mestizo consciousness of identity has been the purpose in this work. Key Words: Magical Realism, Ana Castillo, So Far From God, Chicana feminism, myths, archetypes, identity.
The dialectic solution of capitalist and feminist problematic in Charlotte Brontë's Shirley
In the 19th century Victorian Era, while the Industrial Revolution develops and affects the socio-economic life of people, the situation of women who are oppressed under the male domination attracts the attention. These situations are reflected in the literature of the 19th century. Among the works about the Industrial Revolution and the position of women, Charlotte Brontë?s Shirley (1849) attaches importance to the matter in terms of dealing together with two important current issues of the period. Shirley deals not only with the subjects of capitalism and feminism but also with their opponents and their opposite situations. As an author Brontë bears the characteristics of romantic school in the context of her attitude, aesthetic understanding and style; however, Shirley includes important findings of realism in terms of both dealing with current issues and the style of handling with them. While the author tries to find a solution to the problematic which she has faced by applying Karl Marx?s (1818-1883) dialectic, she falls within the boundaries of ?sociolist realism?. Heroes? selecting forms of lives proposed by the author show clearly that she has never broken with romantic perception and tradition. Briefly, Brontë demarcates a tidal line between realism and romanticism in this novel.One of the basic aims of the thesis is to try to find answers to the questions such as how the author evaluates capitalism and feminism in the first half of the 19th century of her period, whether she deals with them in accordance to the periodic characteristics or not, on which parameters she criticizes capitalism and why she turns to feminism. As for the method, the novel Shirley is resolve on the basis of Marx?s dialectic approach consisting of thesis, antithesis and synthesis. In other words, capitalism and anti-capitalism, and feminism and anti-feminism are dealt together in the novel and are resolved as a synthesis at the end of the novel. It has to be said that as a method Marx?s dialectic approach comes to the fore literally by itself in the analysis of the novel because Brontë has applied intentionally or unintentionally in the novel much the same dialectic method of Marx who used it to explain that all societies would meet in ?socialism? at the end while describing the historical development of societies.The introductory explicates the emergence of novels based on the realities of life as a result of the reflection of the Industrial Revolution and feminism on literature in Victorian Era. The novel Shirley by Charlotte Brontë, one of the important writers of the 19th century, does not deal with very different issues than many other novels of the period do. Generally, as it involves the common features of the novels of the period, it informs us historically about the structure of the novel.The first chapter includes a general, historical evaluation about how the Industrial Revolution, capitalism and feminism develop in England and how the society is affected socio-economically in order to get a better understanding of capitalism and feminism which are the two basic themes of the novel. Thus, it is tried to help in understanding both the author?s intention and success in the novel through shedding light on the bachground of the novel and revealing the periodical, historical, social, economic and literary atmosphere.In the second chapter, as it is mentioned above, it can be said that elements such as Brontë?s attitude in the novel, giving together the opposite situations, employing the faltering and struggling heroes, witnessing the struggle of heroes with opposite thoughts at the both ends of antagonism necessitate to apply Marx?s dialectic method for the analysis of the novel. Thus, the phases of the dialectic such as thesis, antithesis and synthesis have become an appropriate means of analysis as a proposed solution and a method for the plot and problematic scheme in the novel.The conclusion part shows that it is impossible in real life to reach the solution achieved in the novel within the context of the method applied in the thesis. However, the author, anyway, emphasizes that through the changing of people the society can also change. This situation becomes meaningful in terms of showing the tides of the mentioned author between ideals and reality, in other words, between romanticism and realism.Keywords: The Industrial Revolution, Capitalism, Feminism, Dialectic Solution, Brontë, Shirley.
Zamyatin, Huxley, and Orwell: Utopian ideals and dystopian worlds
The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the transformation of utopian dream to dystopian reality through an analysis of Yevgeny Zamyatin?s We (1921), Aldous Huxley?s Brave New World (1932) and George Orwell?s Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949). Zamyatin, Huxley and Orwell present a prophetic vision to make a warning against a future totalitarian dictatorship by displaying the desperate mood of the protagonist who struggles to preserve his identity and individuality yet ultimately fails in his attempt.The thesis begins with the analysis of utopian ideals which are based on equality and solidarity among people in the illuminating light of Thomas More?s Utopia. For this purpose, the Introduction part elucidates utopia and utopian characteristics as a literary genre starting with More?s Utopia with the help of the ideas of critics. Then, it seeks to discuss the characteristics of utopian and dystopian fiction and how utopian ideals are changed. In the first, second and third chapters the eclipse of the utopian ideals is introduced in three dystopian novels; We, Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four. These chapters discuss how utopian ideal of solidarity is replaced with uniformity of individuals to turn them into identical citizens, who are under constant gaze of an omniscient and omnipotent ruler. So they depart from individualism and freedom. The future totalitarian states in these three novels control the consciousness and imagination of man through manipulating a highly developed technology for surveillance and torture. In these technological worlds, people are designed to serve the demands of the state through a strict control of their genetic qualities. The dystopian character who does not have an identity is desperate for his individuality and emotions. Moreover, restriction on language and distortion of both history and literature add more to this despair and pessimistic mood of the dystopia. The themes which can be seen as utopian ideals in More?s Utopia are reversed, with dystopian reality and transformed into a dark vision through the annihilation of imagination and emotions in We, Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four.This dissertation is therefore primarily organized around these topics, to show that utopia and dystopia mingle with each other and it will demonstrate and exemplify that eradication of emotions, imagination and individuality in utopias of these three authors? works merely create dystopian dark worlds.
Class and East-West confrontation in E. M. Forster's selected works and teaching of the theme in ELT classes
In this thesis E. M. Forster, a well-known author who has used class and east-west confrontation themes in his literary works, will be taken as a very useful and valuable input source through his works in the so mentioned themes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the benefits and advantages of the classes in which E. M. Forster?s literary texts including the theme of class and East-West confrontation are used. Forster?s five books are handled for this dissertation: A Room with a View including an individual?s opposition to and clash with the society; The Longest Journey, handling Rickie?s labeling people instead of seeing them as plain individuals; Howards End, the tale of typical episodes of class envy and snobbery, a possible budding romance between a wealthy scion and a poor girl, and the like; The Machine Stops with the description of people living in individual cells, empty except for a chair, a desk, and the controls of a machine, from here to people's relationship to a power outside themselves, and their ceasing relationships with each other; A Passage to India, the famous story of East-West confrontation.The themes in these works are quite colorful and useful and thus, they might be a good source of material for writing and speaking sessions in ELT classes. The texts and quotations which can be extracted from these novels can be fitted to any level. But they will be useful in classes and will be very meaningful as outside reading material especially for upper-intermediate and advanced level learners of English.This thesis aims at finding out the applicability of sentences, quotations, specific themes, questions and various implications of statements in E. M. Forster?s literary texts in ELT classes. Two productive skills out of four that one experiences during foreign language learning process are speaking and writing. It is a known fact that learners of English language in various age groups and at different comprehensive levels will have greater tendency towards practicing the language and develop deeper enthusiasm for learning when authentic literary material is provided for activities in productive skills. As literary texts are very useful input resource for ELT classes, such material can be thought as promising a more valuable, thematic and, most importantly, encouraging language learning atmosphere. Recent ELT series like New Cambridge Advanced English or Passages can be parallel to this understanding. When one examines the texts and quotations in these series, one can realize that the learners show greater interest and enthusiasm in speaking and writing classes of those series mentioned above and alike. As for the theoretical base, mainly, Whole Language Learning emphasizes the use of authentic literary material in ELT classes. It is known that the use of such literary texts and quotations is naturally very useful when native speakers of that language are practicing their own language. Likewise, the use of such material in curricula of ELT classes is undeniably important.It can be evaluated that learners of English language in various groups, especially middle school, high school and college students, will show greater interest in studying on the thought inspiring theme of East-West confrontation, cultural diversity and dichotomy, class differences among different strata of society. For Turkish people, it is a very well known fact that a great deal of the intellectual, political, social, educational investments are directed to westernization process throughout the last two hundred and fifty years, mostly to be able to integrate with European Union in recent decades. In our country, when one compares the eastern values and life style to the western understanding, one may come across some paradoxical and thought inspiring situations. Such phenomena, which are handled and studied very meticulously in literary works, naturally arouse the interest in studying on literary texts and quotations in the process of foreign language learning. The use of such material in ELT classes will offer more enjoyable activities and more positive language learning environment and therefore increase the success.
Symbolism in Virginia Woolf`s novels The Voyege Out and To the Lighthouse
Virginia Woolf is generally regarded as one of the most outstanding novelists of the twentieth century English literature. This thesis focuses on two of her works, namely The Voyage Out and To the Lighthouse. It is aimed to analyse these two novels in terms of symbolism and to find out various symbolic elements shared by both novels. In Preface, a brief summary of Virginia Woolf s life and writing career is presented. In Introduction, general information on the parts of the thesis is given. The third part of the thesis entitled A General Look at Symbolism deals with some of the basic features of symbol and symbolism. In Symbolism in The Voyage Out, the novel in question is analysed with regard to its symbolic elements, considering the fact that it is the first novel written by Virginia Woolf. In this part, the emphasis is laid on characters and events that have symbolic importance. In Symbolism in To the Lighthouse, the novel consisting of three parts is studied in terms of symbolism. This part aims to enlighten the extremely complicated structure of the novel and attempts to discover some of its symbolic elements. In A Comparison of the Symbolic Elements in The Voyage Oat and To the Lighthouse, various symbolic elements shared by both novels are handled, taking into consideration the fact that these novels naturally have some common features since they are created by the same author. In Conclusion, the insights that are derived in the analyses of The Voyage Out and To the Lighthouse are presented. And it is concluded that these two novels by Virginia Woolf are not totally different from each other although they were written at different periods of her literary career.
William Makepeace Thackeray'nin Gurur Dünyası ve Samuel Butler'ın Tüm İnsanlar Gibi adlı eserlerinde baskıcı bir mekanizma olarak eğitim
The Victorian era (1837-1901) was a period in which significant transformations took place in various fields such as culture, education and working conditions. This period also saw key educational reforms, leading to notable changes at schools and the overall approach to learning. The Victorian education system reflected and maintained the social norms and class stratifications of the time. Education was seen not only as a path to personal development but also as a mechanism to maintain societal order and class distinctions. Public schools played a crucial role in maintaining aristocratic values and the unequal distribution of power, integrating new wealthy classes into higher societal strata. The role of family in education was significant, particularly among wealthy families, where education was viewed as a means to preserve high social status. However, this study suggests that this emphasis on education also led to oppressive school experiences. Furthermore, schooling which is often regarded as a means of development and advancement, could also function as a means of oppression, especially for marginalized individuals. The literary works of William M. Thackery's Vanity Fair and Samuel Butler's The Way of All Flesh illustrate how education in this era could be used as a tool of societal oppression. The function of schools in shaping individuals' lifestyles and personalities, and the influence of social expectations and family pressures on students' experiences can be considered oppressive aspects of the Victorian education system. This study focuses on the oppressive elements within educational settings, including the behaviours of educators, school administrators, and the overall schooling system. It acknowledges that while education was a sign of privilege and discipline, aiming to elevate social standing, it also had a negative impact on children's personal freedom and development. In this respect, the research provides a comprehensive analysis of the multifaceted role of education and schools in the Victorian period. The study also emphasizes the complex and systematic nature of this oppression at schools examining the educational experiences of the characters in William M. Thackery's Vanity Fair and Samuel Butler's The Way of All Flesh. Keywords: education, schooling, public schools, oppression, Victorian period, Vanity Fair, The Way of All Flesh
Desire/Language/Truth: A Study of power relations in Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four
Abstract Desire/Language/Truth: A Study of Power Relations in Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four Ertuğrul Koç M. A. In English Literature Advisor: Dr. Johann Pillai September, 1992 Among other things, Nineteen Eighty-Four has been described as an apocalyptic novel, and received as a warning for future generations since the power which totalitarian regimes enjoy, destroys man's spiritual and physical existence. These approaches each have their value, but Orwell seems to be indicating something much more subtle. The theorist Michel Foucault claims that power is what shows itself most and so hides best. In this light Orwell's text reveals what is hidden in the nature of society. The structures of power pervade the society of Oceania in all its dimensions, in particular, language, sexuality, and politics. An analysis of these dimensions is essential to understanding Orwell's thesis; by exploring the relations between them, the novel reveals the inner structure of collective bodies, and throws into question the concept of individuality in society, as it is created and shaped by power relations. MLA style sheet has been followed throughout the thesis. Ill
John le Carré'nin casus yazınında ihanet ve paranoya: Köstebek, Bizim Oyun ve Bahçıvan
The spy novels of John le Carré mostly revolve around the concepts of loyalty and betrayal and are imbibed with a sense of paranoia against the evil figure. In Le Carré's fiction, political betrayal usually goes parallel with personal betrayal and the clash of duty with individual conscience is a common theme. John le Carré is the author persona created by David Cornwell, a former officer of the British Secret Service who also served as an intelligence agent during the Cold War era. Although it is not a must to go back to the author's life in literary criticism, in Le Carré's case, it is his insider experience about the clandestine world that distinguishes him as a realistic author and gives his critically acclaimed novels their merit. The aim of this study is to do a close reading of three novels by John le Carré, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974), Our Game (1995) and The Constant Gardener (2001), in order to examine the elements of paranoia and betrayal in the light of the historical and political atmosphere of their respective era. The study also undertakes a comparison of these novels to portray the evolution of the evil figure parallel to the transformation of the dominant political forces throughout these decades and to point out the author's changing attitude towards the idea of duty from patriotism towards individual conscience. The method also involves an investigation of the people and events from the author's own life that have inspired his literary creation and are moulded into these novels in terms of characters and plot elements. Finally, the evolution of Le Carré's female protagonists is discussed from a feminist point of view within the context of betrayal. Le Carré's Cold War novels feature a strong sense of paranoia against communism as an insurmountable corrupting force. In this period, the author's idea of duty is synonymous with patriotism and his novels often portray the clash of duty with individual conscience, where duty always prevails. Considered as his Cold War masterpiece, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (1974) is a roman à clef where the events and characters can be traced back to the author's life. Written in the wake of the revelation of the Cambridge Five spy ring, the novel can also be read as a re-enactment of the greatest treason in the history of the British Secret Service in order to come to terms with the trauma of betrayal. After the fall of communism, Le Carré's focus shifted to new threats that have replaced his former archenemy. Having celebrated the individuals' effort and sacrifices to keep the threat at bay during the Cold War, the author was disillusioned after its demise when Britain left her former spheres of influence to their fate and abandoned the smaller nations to the mercy of the new Russian nationalism in the ruins of the former communist system. Our Game (1995) written in the aftermath of the Cold War presents unbridled nationalism as the new evil figure that has replaced communism. This transitional novel also marks the transformation of the author's idea of duty from patriotism towards individual conscience and action. Seemingly setting out with the same idea of duty as in his Cold War novels, towards the end of the storyline, the author turns the cards over in order to reveal an opposing view, inviting the readers to change their vantage point about the concepts of loyalty and betrayal in a world where loyalty to one's country results in apathy while the conscientious individual has a duty to take heed of the suffering around the world. The Constant Gardener (2001) written in the monopolar, capitalistic world of the new millennium is an example of docu-fiction or a thesis novel where the author focuses on the clash between capitalism and ethics. Also inspired by people, observations and documents from the author's real life, the novel is the story of one woman's quest against wild capitalism; the dominant and unrivalled power which has now replaced communism as the evil force causing the paranoia. In this new world order where multinational companies cannot be controlled by the outdated international organisations and crimes against humanity are committed for the sole purpose of profit, the individual rises above institutions and the conscience becomes the only moral compass in Le Carré's fiction. Unlike communism, which is a force that needs to be destroyed by any means in the author's Cold War fiction, capitalism in the new millennium is presented as a necessary evil that has to be bridled by the appropriate institutions since the author can offer no radical alternative to replace capitalism in a free world. The Constant Gardener is also a first in the author's canon featuring his first independent female protagonist who takes action against the outdated, male-dominated world order feeding the capitalist monster. However, the futility of the death of all his heroic characters for the greater good sheds light to his scepticism towards actually achieving a better world. The study points out that John le Carré's espionage fiction is imbibed with his personal observations and experiences and reflects the shifting vantage point of the author persona to the individuals' choices in the face of the transformation of the political threats over the decades.
Üç çağdaş Bri̇tanya oyununda parçalanmış benli̇kler
This thesis investigates how personal and collective traumas leave the individual fragmented for different reasons. Fragmented characters in Philip Ridley's Leaves of Glass, Martin Crimp's In the Republic of Happiness and Simon Stephens' Pornography, which are the examples of contemporary British theatre written after the 2000s, are examined in the light of trauma theory. The plays that form the basis of this study are written after the 2000s, but the historical background of the thesis suggests that traumatic events of the twentieth century such as World War I and II left the individual fragmented. For this reason, the historical background between the 1910s and 2000s is elaborated in detail and fragmentation is thoroughly contextualized. The plays of the contemporary playwrights Ridley, Crimp and Stephens are discussed within the theoretical framework of trauma theory based on the works of pioneers such as Freud, Caruth, Felman, Laub, Kohut and Mollon, and thus this study comes to the conclusion that in the contemporary theatre fragmentation gets more and more dominant with the effect of the growing number of traumatic events. Keywords: Trauma Theory, Contemporary British Theatre, Philip Ridley, Martin Crimp, Simon Stephens, Leaves of Glass, In the Republic of Happiness, Pornography.
Geç Viktorya dönemi romanında rengin sembolik kullanımı
The aim of this thesis is to explain the meaning symbolically carried within colours, which are used in the Late Victorian novels, Middlemarch (1871), Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891) and The Rainbow (1915). Having this aim, the analysis was carried including the era in which the novels were written, but specifically, the basis of the analysis is timeless and not bounded to specific kind of art, including different disciplines. Universal colour symbolism will be the base for the analysis of colours used by authors for imagery and the colours' contribution to the novel analysis, in order to show the alteration and progression of the society, based on the narration of women, will be exemplified.
The drama triangle in Tess of the D'urberviless by Thomas Hardy and The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison
The drama triangle, a modern concept of psychology that involves three roles, the victim, the rescuer and the persecutor, occurs in many dysfunctional relations. This study aims to analyze how the drama triangle reveals itself in the selected novels and its main reason, which is a system of power dynamics that labels one as "the superior" and the other one as "the inferior." The power dynamics and the drama triangle in Tess of the d'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy and The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison will be explained and evaluated through Feminist, Marxist and postcolonial theories. In fact, these theories are the most efficient in explaining why specific characters have certain roles in these novels. To clarify how the characters of the novels experience the drama triangle in their relationships with their dysfunctional families and others, prominent psychologists' definitions and explanations will be used. The clarifications of other concepts, which are 'the Switch,' learned helplessness, addictions and dependency, will also enlighten how the drama triangle works in the novels. With these analyses, the thesis aims to indicate that the drama triangle is not a cultural concept proposed by various scholars and psychologists but a common concept of psychology, which is clearly apparent in all of these novels although they were written in different centuries. All these analyses emphasize that the drama triangle should be applied to more literary works and should not be overlooked in the field of comparative literature, as it is widespread in both literature and true life. Keywords: The drama triangle, victim, rescuer, persecutor, 'The Switch,' addiction, learned helplessness, dependency, feminism, Marxism, postcolonial theory.