George Sand'ın "Consuelo", "Kontes Rudolştadt", Reşat Nuri Güntekin'in "Çalıkuşu" romanlarının Rusça çevirisi ve İvan Sergeyeviç Turgenev'in "Arefesinde", doğa tasvirinin rolü ve ana karakterlerin kaderi üzerindeki etkisi

In this study, the depiction of nature in the works of George Sand, Reşat Nuri Güntekin and Ivan Turgenyev is examined in terms of its relationship with the inner world of the characters. The similarities and differences in nature images characterized by the authors' literary and aesthetic consciousness, aesthetics, artistic style characteristics and individual poetics are emphasized. The influence of literary tradition and different philosophical views on the ideologies of writers is monitored. The special importance of the mental and national factors embodied in the artistic structure of the texts of the three novelists is also evaluated. In George Sand's novel works, attention is drawn to the unique weight of the field of art as a subject and object of representation. Here, attention is mainly focused on the narrative structure of the novels "Consuelo" and "Countess Rudolstadt", which are problematically and thematically linked by common themes and motifs. The contrast between personality and history is examined through the prism of the traditions of French literature, its tendency to portray free-thinking individuals, and the emancipation of women. The epic and dramatic beginning of Reşat Nuri Güntekin's novel contributes to the re-creation of reality in its entirety, in the inextricable bond between the personal and the individual and the social, the external and the internal, the static and the dynamic. By focusing on overcoming the clichés and patterns of the patriarchal society, the author was able to successfully show the awakening of self-awareness, personal initiative and the tendency to independent thinking in the heroine of the novel. However, he constantly established a relationship with history, social tendencies and mentality of Turkish life. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev's novels are an organic synthesis of epic and dramatic elements of the generic structure. It is this feature that allows the life of nature, its impact on the inner world of the characters, their emotions and experiences to be recreated in a multi-dimensional and comfortable way. Nature is endowed with certain naturophilosophical meanings, acting as a kind of original entity, the cosmos, which predetermines the actions of heroes and even historical events. He draws attention to the clues, parallels, allusions and reminders sprinkled throughout the text. The connection of Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev's novels and novellas with Western European philosophy and the intellectual history of humanity is emphasized. The heroes of the novels "Consuelo", "Countess of Rudolstadt", "Wren" and "On the Eve" are women who have overcome the obstacles of life and are struggling to get closer to the ideal man they dream of. In the works, attention is also focused on the antagonists, who are characterized by a complex structure and worldview. The antagonist role is not necessarily humans, but nature and the individual characteristics of the hero and other opposing forces. However, great attention is paid to the development and dynamics of the internal conflict, the psychological plot and the reflexes of the characters. The examined texts of French, Turkish and Russian writers reflect important stages in the development of the national epic literary tradition. The similarities and differences in the plot, motif and genre structure that emerge in these texts enable us to have information about certain typological processes in world literature. This study contributes to the consideration of national literatures in a comparative-historical context and meets the methodological principles of modern literary comparativism.