The relation of God and time in thought at 17th century: The examples of Leibniz and Newton

This study aims to examine, specifically in Newton and Leibniz, the relationship of the metaphysics of space and time with God both in terms of their own texts and of their discussions with opponents. In the study, it is make an effort to analyze own sources of philosophers, as much as possible, and "Correspondence", which is a joint work of their philosophers, considered an essential element at the point understanding their thought. The study consists of two main sections. In the first section, Newton's metaphysics of space and time is examined in four subsections. In the first subsection, a brief summary of changes in the nature or the cosmos concept from Aristotle to Cartesian thought is provided and then, Newton's concept of space is discussed in contrast to the Cartesian consept of space. In the second subsection, the essence of space and time in Newton's thought is asserted. In the third subsection, depending on the essence of space and time, the Newtonian model regarding how endurance occurs in universe is examined. In the fourth and last subsection, it is presented how the relationship between the concept of form and the idea of nature resulted in divine voluntarism in Newton and how Newton encountered the criticisms that come with this. The second section, where Leibniz's metaphysics of space and time addressed, consists of three subsection. In the first subsection, the requirements for Leibniz's forced transition from physics to metaphysics and the ways of his considering the ideas of nature in his age is addressed. In the second subsection, it is examined how the philosopher extends the nature of space and time beyond existence and evaluates the problem of endurance in the concept of nature via his opponents. In the third and last subsection, it is analysed how the divine intellectualism becomes evident in Leibniz with the introduction of the concept of form into thought of nature.