Effect of Polish and Magyar refugees, took shelter in Ottoman empire following 1848 revolutions, in modernization of ottomans

Failing in the 1831 Revolutions forms one of the major reasons of 1848 Revolutions. 1848 Revolutions not only occurred in many places in Europe but also occurred in Hungary under the sovereignty of Austria. Hungarian, Polish and Italian revolutionists joined Hungarians willingly embarked upon a revolution in March, 1848. Though they had been successful formerly, they were defeated by Austrian and Russian allies and forced to run away of Hungary and take shelter in Ottoman Empire. Among the refugees taking shelter in Ottoman Empire, there were eminent people such as; Mustapha Jalaladdeen (Kostanty Borjecki), Murat Pasha (Michal Czaykowski), Nihad Pasha (Seweryn Bilinski), Muzaffer Pasha (Wladsylaw Czajkowski), Magyar Dr. Abdullah Bey, (Dr. Karl Edvared Hammerchmildt), Sefer Pasha (Wladyslaw Koscielski), Iskender Pasha (Antoni İlinski). Most of those and other refugees were well educated in professional schools and were master in their jobs. This caused them to be employed in constitutions of Ottoman State. In general, refugees affected Ottoman Modernization structurally and mentally. Structurally effects had been in different units in addition to fields of army, engineering, medicine and local administration. As for mental affects, firstly it had been devoted to Turk nationalism, judicial modernization and 19th century-Ottoman intellectualism. Effect in the mental field had been more evident than the field of structure. Effects in the cited field have gone far beyond Ottoman Regime and reached to the structure of new Turk State. This is clearly current for nationalism. Shortly, effects of refugees in the modernization of Ottoman contributed to structural and mental transformation in constitutions of Ottoman State. These contributions can be summed up as alteration in politics, many regulations and gaining speed in mentality changing. Key Words: The Question of Refugees Ottoman State Polish and Magyar Refugees Polish-Magyar Refugees and Ottoman Modenization Ottoman Modernization.