The system of government and the caliphate in the Abbasid era

The late first century AH / early eighth century AD witnessed an Abbasid political call aimed at eliminating the Umayyad state and handing over the caliphate. The Abbasid state was established, which began in 132 AH / 750 AD and lasted for more than five centuries until the Mongols eliminated it in 656 AH / 1258 AD, which is the longest period of the Arab Islamic caliphate. It was called the Abbasid Caliphate in relation to Al-Abbas bin Abdul-Muttalib, the uncle of the Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace). The efforts of the Abbasid preachers were one of the main factors in bringing down the Umayyad Caliphate. to her. This caliphate was characterized by the vast areas that were under its rule and the diversity of peoples. The first caliphs also changed the location of the capital of the Islamic caliphate, and the caliph al-Mansur built the city of Baghdad, which became the capital of the Abbasid caliphate and the cultural, urban and scientific center at that time. The Abbasid Caliphate Many political, religious and separatist movements emerged, as well as the independence of many kingdoms and many mini states in different regions that separated little by little from the body of the Abbasid Caliphate. The most important characteristic of the Abbasid Caliphate throughout its eras is the emergence of many cultural, scientific and religious aspects, schools and intellectual achievements, and the emergence of many scholars whose achievements illuminated the Abbasid era and subsequent eras.