Determination of the bioactive properties of Amasya and Piraziz apple varieties

The effects of apples belonging to, Rosaceae family, on health are important. In this study, freeze dried peel and flesh parts of Amasya and Piraziz apples grown in Turkey, were extract hexane, ethanol, methanol and water as solvents by ultrasonication. Quantitative composition of the extracts were determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS and the total phenol and flavonoid content of extracts spectrophotometrically. In order to determine the bioactive properties of the extracts, the inhibition of the enzymes playing key role in type 2 diabetes and alzheimer's diseases, the antioxidant capacity and the antimicrobial activity were examined. Among the phenolic compounds detected by LC-ESI-MS/MS of extracts, epicatechin, catechin, chlorogenic acid in flesh, epicatechin, catechin and isoquercetin in peels were found to be dominant. Flavonols and flavanones have only been identified in the peel extracts. A strong positive relationship was determined between phenolic compounds detected by LC-ESI-MS/MS and total phenol content. The amount bioactive components and their properties of the extracts change depending on the apple variety, the parts peel and flesh and the solvents used. The peel extracts show higher α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition compared to that in flesh extract, whereas acetylcholinesterase inhibition was observed only in peel extracts. The antimicrobial activity values of the extracts determined by disk diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration varied according to the microorganisms, and all peel extracts showed an inhibition zone for the microorganisms. It was determined that peel extracts contain more bioactive components than flesh extracts and accordingly show better bioactive properties. In addition, Piraziz apple extracts showed better bioactive properties than Amasya apple extracts. In terms of the solvent used, water extracts showed better bioactive properties compared to that of the other extracts. This research is important in terms of determining the bioactive properties of local apples.