Bioactive compound profile, antioxidant activity, and biological effects in Drosophila melanogaster of extracts obtained from pineapple peel using different solvents and forms

The research and recovery of plant waste is critically important for both economic and environmental sustainability. Studies conducted in this field contribute to the circular economy through the valorization of food waste, while also leading to the discovery of new natural compounds that can support human health. This study aimed to investigate the bioactive compound content, antioxidant activity, and biological effects of pineapple peel extracts obtained through different solvents and forms (ethanol, methanol, aqueous extracts, and powder/tea infusion forms). The research evaluated the phenolic and flavonoid compounds, DPPH radical scavenging activity, LC-MS/MS compositional analysis, and the effects on Drosophila melanogaster larval mortality and biochemical parameters (TAS, TOS, OSI). Pineapple peel powder infusion (PAPP) showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content. Methanol extract (PAMe) exhibited superior phenolic diversity and concentration, while the aqueous extract (PAW) unexpectedly contained compounds such as rosmarinic acid. All extracts demonstrated high DPPH radical scavenging activity (>79%). The tea infusion form (PAT) displayed the most potent antioxidant activity at higher concentrations. AKTD and AKÇ exhibited the lowest toxicity and the highest oxidative stress protection in larval mortality tests. Biochemical analyses revealed that these forms increased total antioxidant status (TAS) while reducing total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI). Rare compounds such as catechin and taxifolin were identified, enhancing the nutraceutical potential of pineapple peel. Pineapple peel, particularly in powder infusion and tea forms, is a valuable resource for functional foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmacological applications due to its high bioactive content and antioxidant properties. The aqueous extract's low toxicity suggests safe usage, while ethanol and methanol extracts are suitable for pharmacological research. Future studies should focus on optimizing extraction techniques, bioavailability assessments, and preclinical trials.