Assessment of human kallikrein 2 and 3 glycoproteins in some patients with prostate carcinoma in Baghdad city

Prostate cancer (PC) is a disease that affects men's small prostate glands. The prostate's main job is to produce seminal fluid, which carries and nourishes sperm. Prostate cancer is a significant public health issue since it affects one in six men at some point. Yet, it is highly curable in its early stages. A digital rectal exam and a high prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test (PSA > 4 ng/ml) can detect prostate cancer, a glycoprotein that is routinely produced by prostate tissue. The World Health Organization ranks prostate cancer as the fifth highest cause of death globally and the second most common among males. Prostate cancer generally develops slowly and painlessly in its initial stages, so treating it may require careful monitoring. Patients' PSA levels, biopsy Gleason Scores, and clinical stages upon presentation are used to categorize them into one of five risk categories. PSA, known as kallikrein-3 (KLK3), is a secreted serine protease that acts similarly to chymotrypsin. It belongs to a group of 15 genes that code for proteins called tissue kallikreins or tissue kallikrein-related peptidases. It took many years, but we finally discovered its physiological role in males. The case-control study you described involved 180 participants between March and July 2023. The average of participants' age was over fifty years old and was divided into two groups. The first group included ninety participants diagnosed with prostate cancer and were regular patients at many hospitals in Baghdad. The second group consisted of ninety healthy participants of the same age and gender as the first group. The ELISA technique measured total, free, kallikrein-3, and human kallikrein-2. The lipid profile included; TC, TG, HDL, LDL, and VLDL, and blood glucose, which the automated biochemistry analyzer measured. In conclusion, the prostate cancer patients' mean blood levels of total and free human kallikreins-3 were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group. Based on these findings, it seems likely that the biomarker in question could assist in predicting, diagnosing, and tracking the advancement of prostate cancer. The fact that patients with prostate cancer had a significantly higher concentration of human kallikreins-2 than the control group does lend credence to the notion that this protein is involved in identifying the disease and determining the prostate's size. This is especially true for people whose tissue biopsies have shown positive evidence of the illness. Obesity is a substantial risk factor in cancer development, as evidenced by the elevated lipid profile levels in patients (TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL) and blood glucose levels. In addition, this spike indicates that malignant illnesses affect the body's fat metabolism. It has been proven that patients with prostate cancer have a favorable link between free prostatic specific antigen and Kallikrein-2, which suggests that these biomarkers have a high level of specialization when diagnosing the condition.