Morphological and molecular identification of Tetranychidae species found in the West Mediterranean Region and determination of genetic differences between the populations of Tetranychus urticae Koch 1836 and endosymbionts

The morphological and molecular diagnostic studies were carried out on the family Tetranychidae species collected from Antalya, Isparta, and Burdur provinces between 2017-2019 years. The presence of genetic polymorphism and endosymbionts in Tetranychus urticae Koch populations collected from different provinces of Turkey were investigated. In the morphological systematic studies, the preparations of the species were prepared using the Hoyer method and important taxonomic characters using in diagnosis were then used after photographed. In molecular systematic studies, DNAs obtained from both a single individual and pool individuals due to attain whole mitochondria as whole genome amplification was replicated using specific primers with PCR method, and by using next-generation sequencing method their genome sequences were obtained with helping of service contract. Additional GenBank sequences used in the Cluster analysis and phylogenetic tree were selected based on the results of BLAST analysis, which also consists of sequences of species from MEGA 7 program, sequence-based phylogenetic trees were created using NJ and UPGMA method and related parameters. Galaxy, MITOS Blastn, MFannot and GeSeq interface programs were used to determine the gene points on the raw data. As a result of this study, Amphitetranychus viennensis (Zacher, 1920), Eutetranychus orientalis (Klein, 1936), Oligonychus sp., Petrobia harti (Ewing, 1909), Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) and Tetranychidae sp. species were detected in different host plants and locations. Additionally, to figure out on both diagnoses and phylogenetic relationships with effective method of whole mitochondrial genome sequencing (next-generation sequencing method using specific primers with PCR and whole genome amplification) information containing the entire mitochondrial gene region was successfully obtained. For the first time whole mitochondrial sequence information of E. orientalis and P. harti was obtained. Genome annotation on these three identified species was preformed using three separate programs. In the collected populations, the presence of Wolbachia, Cardinium and Spiroplasma from endosymbionts was detected.