Investigation of Relationships between Some Shamama (Cucumis melo spp. melovar. dudaim) Genotypes with Morphological and Molecular Methods

Melon (Cucumis melo L.), a prominent member of the Cucurbitaceae family, is one of the most widely cultivated crops globally. Its broad native range has led to extensive genetic diversity. Among its many varieties, the fragrant Pocket Melon (Cucumis melo spp. melo var. dudaim), known as Şamama in Turkish, is a heritage treasure originating from the ancient lands extending from Turkey to Afghanistan. This captivating melon variety, with its unique aroma and medicinal properties, has intrigued scientists and growers for centuries. Its history dates back to the earliest civilizations, and its uses are quite diverse. To understand its genetic differences and preserve emerging new varieties, molecular studies are essential. This research morphologically analyzed Şamama genotypes collected from various regions. In addition, it aimed to determine the genetic relationships between these genotypes, some Şamama genotypes obtained from domestic and international sources, and other widely grown melon varieties. This determination was based on both fruit characteristics and molecular methods, such as iPBS. The Şamama genotypes studied showed a wide variation in fruit weight, length, rind and flesh thickness, total soluble solids (TSS), and pH values. The morphological data revealed significant differences among the genotypes in terms of marketability, consumer preference, and local adaptation. Molecular analysis with iPBS markers yielded a total of 32 polymorphic bands, and the average polymorphic information content (PIC) was calculated as 0.416. These results indicate that the Şamama genotypes possess a moderate level of genetic diversity, with a high degree of concordance between their genetic structure and morphological traits. Cluster analysis showed that the genotypes grouped according to their geographical origin, while some samples distinctly separated, suggesting they represent potential genetic resources. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the Şamama genotypes from the Lake Van Basin have rich genetic diversity, highlighting their significant potential for both the conservation of genetic resources and for use in future breeding programs.