Biylojik sentezlenmiş gümüş nanoparticles'e maruz kalan candida albicans diferansiyel gen ekspresyon analizi

Silver nanoparticles are extensively used in nanotechnology and biomedicine for various purposes due to their intrinsic therapeutic properties. Plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria have been known to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biologically, and those nanoparticles have various effects on the cells, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic. There are reports showing that actinobacteria producing many bioactive secondary metabolites could produce silver nanoparticles. In this study, an actinobacterium isolated from Antarctica, Microbacterium sp. H37-C3 was used to produce silver nanoparticles extracellularly, and the cytotoxicity of these biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles on Candida albicans was investigated by a transcriptomic approach. The physical properties of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was determined that the silver nanoparticles synthesized by Microbacterium sp. H37-C3 showed the maximum absorbance peak at 417 nm. The average particle size of the silver nanoparticles ranges from 15-30 nm, and the synthesized silver nanoparticles are in crystalline structure. Moreover, genome characteristics of strain Microbacterium sp. H37-C3 was also analyzed to reveal secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and the phylogenetic relationship of the strain by downloading the whole-genome sequence of the strain from the NCBI GenBank database. Differential gene expression analysis between silver nanoparticle-exposed Candida albicans and the control group was conducted to reveal its antimicrobial activity mechanism in gene expression level. Although no statistically significant change in the gene expression levels was observed between the samples, the expression of several genes coding for small nucleolar RNAs as well as the expression of the gene coding for cytochrome c oxidase and a gene responsible for maintenance of telomere length was affected by the AgNP treatment. The results contribute insight into the toxicity mechanisms of silver nanoparticles on eukaryotic cells at the gene expression level.