Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the ambi̇ent air, bee, honey and pollen samples in bursa

In this study, PAH concentrations were determined by collecting air samples with the help of high volume air sampler (HVAS) and passive air sampler (PAS), bee, honey and pollen samples in urban (Ovaakca) and semi-urban (Cumalikizik) regions in Bursa. Sampling was carried out in the beekeeping season of 2017 (May-September) by collecting HVAS, bee, honey, and pollen samples. PHÖ samples were collected in May 2017-April 2018 to reflect the four seasons. PAH concentrations in PAS, HVAS-gas phase, HVAS-particle phase, bees, pollen and honey sample were 25.47±30.84 ng m-3, 5.32±1.98 ng m-3, 0.81±0.56 ng m-3, 380.87±115.33 ng g-1dw, 261.77±109.64 ng g-1dw and 1811.99±107.50 ng g-1dw in Ovaakca region respectively. The concentrations in Cumalikizik region were; 31.48±22.21 ng m-3 in PAS, 4.91±3.41 and 1.84±1.82 ng m-3 in HVAS-gas phase and particle phase, respectively, 226.34±30.21 ng g-1dw in bee, 357.43±182.60 ng g-1dw in pollen and 1535.33±346.85 ng g-1dw in honey samples. Gas/particle distribution coefficients (Kp) were calculated. Linear relationship between Kp and semi-cooled liquid vapor pressure (PL0), and models of octanol-air (KOA) and soot-octanol (KSA) approaches were examined. The measured and modeled Kp values were in agreement with the dual model where absorption+adsorption was together. The relationship between temperature and concentration was explained by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Monthly temperature changes of PAH concentrations were investigated in all samplers. 2 and 3 ringed PAHs were dominant. The relationship between the samplers was discussed by employing the correlation method. PAH sources were determined by the EPA-PMF method. PAH sources in Ovaakca region were defined as vehicle exhaust emissions, fossil fuels and combustion of biomass and exhaust emissions. Wood/biomass combustion and gasoline/diesel vehicle exhaust emissions were the sources of PAHs in the Cumalikizik region. In addition, in the assessment of health risk, the HVAS and PAS samples were determined to be at a safe level (<10-6) and bee, honey, and pollen samples were determined to be at a low-risk level (10-6-10-4).