The main issues of qalam in modern Islamic thought

Many changes and developments have occurred in terms of the approaches to science, belief, human rights and freedoms throughout the last two centuries. While the West has been improving its scientific studies and technological developments about the civilization, the Islamic society which once the source of the western civilization, on the other hand, has experienced a kind of reaction period. Upon this, the civilization of Islam has been exposed to the challenges of the West. The ancient Greek philosophy lost its importance and reputation due to these changes happening in Europe and some ideological approaches intending to destroy the belief of monotheism have taken its place instead. Modern scholars of Islam have put great effort to defend the Islam against these new ideological approaches occurring in Europe and they have been also interested in the approaches against the monotheism and the problems related to belief which the public have faced in the daily life. This, however, has led the science of Qalam to be refreshed in terms of the content in the Modern Era instead of the Classic Era. This study covers the issues of the science of Qalam discussed in the Classic Era and the last two centuries regarding the modern scholars of Islam. Key words: Modern Islamic Thought, Issues of Qalam, Theology, Prophecy, Hereafter