A kalāmic critique of the multiverse theory in the context of theistic and atheistic arguments

The multiverse theory is a scientific and philosophical approach that transcends the traditional singular and closed system view of the universe, proposing the existence of numerous universes beyond our own, each operating with independent and distinct physical laws. Supported by modern cosmology, quantum mechanics, and cosmic inflation models, this theory examines the possibility that the fundamental physical constants of our universe may vary across different universes. It is argued that the finely tuned conditions necessary for life could occur by chance, thereby challenging the necessity of a creator. Atheist thinkers utilize the multiverse hypothesis as a powerful tool to weaken the fine-tuning argument for the existence of God by explaining the habitability of our universe through the existence of multiple universes. This study aims to subject the multiverse theory to a kalāmic evaluation within the framework of theistic and atheistic arguments. It first examines in detail the historical background of the multiverse concept, the scientific foundations of modern cosmology, and the models that support this theory. It then analyzes how atheist thinkers use the multiverse as an alternative to the design argument, as well as their interpretations of the fine-tuning problem. In addition, it systematically evaluates the discussions on multiple worlds in Islamic thought, the universe conceptions of kalām scholars, and the theistic perspective's interpretations of the possibility of a multiverse together with its explanations concerning the fine-tuning argument. These comparisons indicate that the multiverse theory neither decisively strengthens atheistic claims nor invalidates theistic approaches; rather, it broadens the scope and methodological depth of the debate. This study ultimately aims to examine the multiverse theory through an analytical and impartial lens grounded in the fundamental principles of kalāmic thought, while taking both perspectives into consideration.