A research on the determination of the principles in open and green spaces systems by using the bioclimatic data in Çukurova region

The research area is about 34 300 Km and lays between 36° 07' -38° 07' Northern Latitudes and 33° 27'- 36° 27' Eastern Longitudes in Mediterranean Region. This area has so many problems because of rapid urbanisations, extremely big^population extends and in- dustrilizations, in the. recent years. These developments in this area created so many problems to solve, so that the use of the sui table natural values were reduced. The aim to choose this area, was to find out the solutions, from the point of bioclimatic base. The most serious problems in the region are pos sibly adverse climatic conditions for the human comfort in both rural and urban areas. Generally the climate of the region is warm. For this reason it can be- negatively influenced to the human life. Adding to the natural plant eroducations and the negative land usages, the problems would be more and more in the cities. The regional cities are generally in undesirable development. Rapid growths of getoes around cities and huge buildings with densely populated avoid for the open spa ces and parks which are accepted as the physical balan ces between human and nature. On the other hand, various human activities in or periphery of the cities are getting worse the atmos phere. So that, the environmental deteriations should- 244 - bo Gliminnted by t, Vie way of considering open and green spaces usages. Therefore, in this research it was tried to improve atmospheric conditions over the sites of re gional settlements. Tn other words, a research whose aim is to improve physical plannings in balance with the environment was searched. In this research it was mainly purposed to iden tify the physical planning which will provide climatic comfort within the relations of climate man and plant. This research was accomplished in three steps as followed; 1. General bioclimatic evaluation, 2. Indication of parameters of physical plannings which will be in good balance with climate, 3. Suggestion of physical planning which are in balance with climate in various land uses. In the first step, it was tried to find out ge neral characteristics (e.g. topography, soil, hydrology, climate, flora) which are used in evaluation of biocli matic values in the research area. Later on,' climatic records of 1970-1983 from 14 seperate meteorologic sta tions in Çukurova Region were processed for bioclimatic evaluations. First of all, temperature and relative humidity values were put on two coordinate systems which contain the first, eleventh and twentyfirst days of every month as vertical lines (ordinate) and hourly values as horizantal lines (abscissa). Later, these values were recorded on the bioclimatic chart which was prepared by OLGYAY (1973). The bioclimatic chart was built up with tempera ture as ordinate and relative humidity as abscissa. In245 - the middle of the bioclimatic chart, the summer comfort zone divided into the desirable and practicable ranges. The winter comfort zone lies a little lower. Any clima tic condition determined by its temperature and relative humidity can be plotted on the chart. If the plotted. point falls into the comfort zone, can be feeled comfor table in shade. If the point falls outside the comfort zone, corrective measures ax^e needed. If the point is higher than the upper perimeter of the comfort zone, winds are needed. Wind effects can restore the feeling of comfort and offsets high tempera tures are charted with the nearly parallel lines follo wing the upper limit of the comfort zone perimeter. The numbers indicate the needed wind velocities in meter per second value. If the temperature is high and the relative hu midity is low, can be feeled too dry and hot, and wind help is needed. Evaporative cooling is the tool with which to high temperatures. The dotted lines indicate grains of moisture per pound of air needed to reduce temperatures to the level at the upper comfort perimeter. At the lower perimeter of the comfort zone is the line above which shading is needed. Conversely, ra diation is necessary below the line to counteract lover 2 temperatures. The amount of Cal/cni /h needed by "Solair" action to restore the sensation of comfort is tabula ted for outdoor conditions only.- 246 - In this way, total times in hours in a year for 14 settlement areas were obtained for periods which consist bioclimatic comfort and climatic needs from the bioclimatic charts. The overheated periods and the underheated peri ods were recorded on general map of the research area for climatic need periods consist founded temperature, shade, wind, humidity and additional cooling factors in respond to seasons. Finally, bioclimatic evaluation maps of the research area was prepared. In the second part of the research, bioclimatic zones (hot zone, temperate zone, cool zone, cold zone) were determined by evaluation of the maps. The settlement areas (Yumurtalık, Kozan, Mut, Feke, Arslanköy), where will present founded every bioclimatic and different to pographic zones, were coincidetly chosen in order to indicate physical planning principles in balance to cli mate in the research area. The principles of the Theor5r of Sol-Air Orientation developed by OLGYAY (1973) was applied to the bioclimatic values of chosen settlement areas for finding the balanced climatic orientation and site selection criteries for different land usages of every regional settlement. According to the findings, the optimum sun orientation is 3° from south to east on 36 th northern latitude and 5° from south to east on 37 th northern latitude, respectively. The optimum orientation adjusted to effective summer winds vary bet ween 17.5 from south to west and 5° from south to east. In the third part of the research, "Suggested Land Use Plans", include housing, administrating, trading, playing, educational and recreational areas, were- 247 developed by using physical planning criteries in balance to climate. In this part, physical planning suggestions were also brought for genera] structure of settlement area, buildings, environment and circulation systems in every sample of settlements. Climatic balance was also considered, here. In the last part, principles of open and green spaces developing systems were prepared from the biocli- matic stand-point in Çukurova Region. The principles were evaluated in three points; inside of settlement, surrounding of housings and periphery of settlement. The principles of the Technique of Optimal Plantation in Housing Areas developed by OLGYAY and OLGYAY (1976) was used for planning open and green spaces. Finally, optimal plantation criteries were obtained for few floo red detached houses and apart'ments vertically and hori zontally in the research area. General results of the research: it is very much necessary to evaluate and establish a land use plan which well balanced with climate besides open and green spaces. So, it will be possible to create a climatic conditions which will be more comfortable for human life in every season in Çukurova Region.