Evaluation of European countries within the framework of circular economy indicators using MCDM approaches

The aim of this study is to compare the circular economy performance of European countries. The circular economy is a sustainable development model based on the efficient use of resources, waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. Based on EUROSTAT data, the averages of 27 European countries for the period 2000–2023 were examined. The analysis was conducted in three dimensions: efficiency and environmental impact in production and consumption, waste recovery and use of secondary raw materials, competitiveness, and innovation. Country rankings were determined using the CoCoSo, MABAC, MAIRCA, and Borda methods, and the indicators were equally weighted. The findings reveal significant differences among countries. Germany, Italy, and France led the way, while the Netherlands, Spain, and Croatia exhibited strong performance. Estonia, Malta, and Luxembourg performed the least. Western European countries stood out in innovation and efficiency, while Eastern and smaller countries lagged behind in waste management and use of secondary raw materials.