A multidimensional examination of ecovillages: An evaluation of definitions, classification, and legal framework

Following the Industrial Revolution, energy crises and transformations in urban life have led to profound socio-economic changes in rural areas. The decline of individual production, the transformation of everyday practices, and increasing pressures on natural resources have reshaped rural livelihoods. Epidemics and rising disaster risks have further intensified interest in community-based living models that are more closely aligned with nature. In this context, ecovillages have emerged as sustainable settlement models that aim to conserve natural resources, support local economies, and strengthen social solidarity. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the concept of ecovillages in both global and Turkish contexts, examining their definitions, historical evolution, core characteristics, and various classification approaches. Methodologically, it integrates literature review, case study, and fieldwork. Through the examination of selected ecovillage examples from around the world and Turkey, the fundamental components defining ecovillages were identified. On this basis, an original "Ecovillage Classification Matrix" was developed to comparatively assess their environmental, social, economic, and governance-related dimensions of sustainability. In addition, a "Preliminary Ecovillage Assessment and Identification Form" was designed as an objective evaluation tool and applied to the case of the Sonsuz Şükran Village within the scope of field research, in order to assess its status as an ecovillage. The study also investigates the current legal framework in Turkey, highlighting conceptual and regulatory gaps, and proposes a draft regulation for ecovillages aimed at ensuring conceptual clarity, preventing misuse of the term, and supporting genuinely sustainability-oriented initiatives. In conclusion, this research offers a holistic evaluation of ecovillages with respect to their definition, classification, and legal status in Turkey. It contributes both to academic literature and practice by introducing objective tools for planning and design processes, while also providing policy-oriented recommendations to strengthen sustainable rural settlement strategies.