Morphological analysis of energy-efficient campus design based on building information modeling (BIM): The case of Düzce University research hospital area

With the accelerating trend of urbanization on a global scale, energy efficiency and sustainability concepts are recognized as important components of urban design processes. University campuses, which consist of complex and multifunctional building clusters, are one of the critical areas of study in terms of optimizing energy consumption and ensuring environmental sustainability. In this context, it is argued that the urban morphology that determines the spatial organization of campuses has significant effects on energy performance. The primary objective of this study is to comprehensively and systematically evaluate the role of morphological characteristics in energy-efficient campus design using Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based analyses. In this study, the concepts of urban morphology and energy-efficient design were first assessed through a comprehensive literature review, followed by an examination of the effects of morphological parameters on campus energy performance using parametric and simulation-based analysis methods on BIM platforms. Within this framework, analyses conducted using BIM-based software tools evaluated the solar exposure, shading, wind dynamics, microclimate, and daylight distribution of campus areas, and proposed morphologically optimized layouts in terms of energy efficiency. The research findings reveal that morphological decisions at the campus scale significantly influence the environmental conditions that determine energy efficiency, and that BIM-based analysis tools are effective in guiding designers by making these effects visible. Specifically, the research findings reveal that morphological parameters such as building orientation, density, compactness ratios, use of open green spaces, and surface-to-volume ratios significantly affect energy consumption at the campus scale. Based on the research results, a series of policy recommendations are presented for designers, planners, and decision-makers.