An analysis of ethnic Kazakh (Kandas) migration to Kazakhstan within the framework of integration and nation-building

Ethnic return migration refers to the return of a particular ethnic group to its country of origin. Such migration is often encouraged by state policies aimed at attracting people of the same ethnicity living in the diaspora. Today, more than 40 countries have adopted return migration policies. These policies aim to encourage the return of ethnic groups to their homeland, groups that have previously left their countries for various reasons or have become part of a diaspora. In addition, strengthening the country's demographic structure, consolidating national identity, and facilitating the reintegration of diaspora communities are among the main objectives of these policies. In this context, as in other countries, Kazakhstan—a young and newly independent state—has initiated repatriation policies to attract ethnic Kazakhs living abroad as part of its national identity and demographic strategy. Within the scope of this policy, the repatriation process is initially shaped by legal regulations on migration, followed by the integration and social adaptation of returnees within the framework of these regulations and programs. To ensure a successful integration process, a clear legal framework for migration must first be established. In this regard, Kazakhstan has developed its migration policies in line with its legislation, drawing on the experiences of countries such as Germany and Israel. Consequently, various programs and support projects have been implemented to facilitate smoother integration. However, returnees encounter certain difficulties when adapting to local society. This study aims to contribute to the Turkish academic literature by addressing a relatively under-researched topic concerning Kazakhstan. It also seeks to analyze Kazakhstan's repatriation policy and identify the key obstacles returnees encounter during the integration process. Furthermore, the study highlights the negative effects of deficiencies in the repatriation policy on the integration and adaptation processes.