Analysis of traditional residential architecture in old cairo;''the hilmiya and seyyide zeynep districts''

The residential architecture of Historic Cairo presents not only an aesthetic architectural language but also reflects a unique evolution shaped significantly by religious, climatic, social, cultural, and historical factors. The building materials used in this urban fabric have played a crucial role in enhancing both functionality and visual identity. Throughout its history, Historic Cairo has embraced diverse cultures, and this cultural mosaic has particularly inspired new architectural styles in middle- and upper-class residences. This study examines nine selected residential examples through an in-depth analysis of their photographs, measured drawings, site plans, architectural details, structural techniques, and decorative elements. Such a comprehensive approach offers a holistic understanding of Cairo's rich architectural heritage. Religious elements contributed not only to the formal design but also imbued the spaces with spiritual meaning, influencing spatial arrangements through concepts such as worship, privacy, and symbolism. Climatic conditions necessitated designs that ensured thermal comfort through passive ventilation and shading strategies, directly impacting spatial configurations. The first chapter of this study outlines the general objectives, scope, and methodology in a scholarly framework. The second chapter introduces the traditional Egyptian house, elaborating on its historical development, factors influencing plan typology, and prevalent residential forms in Egypt. The third chapter explores the historical context of Historic Cairo, construction regulations, and the influence of foreign architects on the city's residential architecture, with a particular focus on middle- and upper-class housing, supported by visual documentation. The fourth chapter presents a detailed architectural analysis of nine selected residences in Historic Cairo. Each house is examined with respect to its architectural features, construction techniques, building materials, decorative elements, and historical context. Visual materials and drawings support a deeper understanding of these architectural elements. The fifth and final chapter offers a comparative evaluation of the ten houses, focusing on shared and differing features in terms of architectural characteristics, construction methods, and ornamental elements. This analysis is integrated into the overall study to draw general conclusions. Keywords: Housing Type, Middle Class, Old Cairo, Pharaoh Houses, Traditional, Upper Class.